Period 1 (1492–1607)

Question 1

Module 1-1

Who were the native people who adapted to the arid environment of present day New Mexico and Arizona, by using adobe dwellings as homes?

Corinne Dracup

Answer 1

Pueblo

Question 2

Module 1-1

What major food source was responsible for transforming early American Indian societies into more complex and distinct societies?

Ms. Matton

Answer 2

maize

Question 3

Module 1-2

Which European power was responsible for most of the innovation in maritime tech that allowed for expanded oceanic exploration in the 1500s?

Ms. Matton

Answer 3

Portugal (under Prince Henry the Navigator)

Question 4

Module 1-1

Which American Indian society was known for their use of chinampas, or artificial islands built into swampy/lake areas for agricultural cultivation?

Ms. Matton

Answer 4

The Aztecs (the Mexica)
The Aztecs adapted to the swamps and lakes surrounding their capital, Tenochtitlan by using chinampas, which were essentially frames built in water that were then filled with soil, creating fertile and well irrigated farmlands

Question 5

Mod 1-4

What was the Encomienda system?

Answer 5

Under the Encomienda System, the Spanish government provided grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards who were supposed to care for the Indians and convert them to Catholicism.

The system resulted in virtual slavery for Native Americans, most of whom died from diseases and being overworked.

Question 6

Module 1-2

Who was Henry the Navigator and what was his importance?

Ian Marin

Answer 6

Henry the Navigator was a Portuguese prince who loved to explore, and he helped advance exploration for the Europeans through caravels and astrolabes: this eventually led to faster ways to get to the New World.

Question 7

Who was Bartolomé de las Casas?

Jaycee Sanchez

Answer 7

• spanish encomendero who was
• known for fighting against the encomienda system (esp. in the debates against Juan de Sepulveda)
• was very religious and believed native americans deserved better treatment

Question 8

What was the Spanish Casta System?

Phillip Skarbeck-Borowski

Answer 8

A system developed by the Spanish that defines a persons status based on racial hierarchy that privileged Europeans. (also determining amt of taxes one had to pay)

Question 9

Module 1-2

Why did Europeans look to the Atlantic for alternate routes to trade with the Middle East?

Noelle Peralta

Noelle Peralta

Answer 9

Europeans sough alternate trade routes with the Middle East because their enemies, Italians and Muslims, controlled the most direct routes.

Question 10

Mod 1-4

Which native group revolted against the spanish in response to religious persecution?

Riley Stanford

Answer 10

Pueblo Indians

Question 11

1.1

Who were the Incas?

Marcelo Tohen

Answer 11

A group of Native Americans living in present day Peru and the Andes. They developed a system of step farming to makeup for the mountainous terrain for their crops.

Question 12

Module 1-2

What are three factors that combined stabilized Europe, allowing European powers to launch expeditions to explore the world?

Alexis Limary

Answer 12

1. Profits from agriculture and commerce allowing the wealthy and powerful to invest in the arts and luxury goods.
2. Cultural Renaissance (cultural and intellectual flowering, starting in Italy and spreading through Europe)
3. Political unification (Powerful rulers extending their control to smaller city states. Created nation-states led by monarchs)

Question 13

What diseases were brought to the New World from Europe as part of the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 13

Smallpox, measles, typhus, malaria, and cholera

Question 14

1-4

What American Indian society was the conquistador Hernan Cortés most known for conquering?

Caden Ross

Answer 14

Cortés was known for conquering the city of Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City). What ultimately gave Cortes the victory was the Natives’ weakness to old world diseases that they were increasingly exposed to via the Columbian Exchange, smallpox.

Question 15

Module 1-1

Who were the Ute People? How did they adapt to the landscape around them?

William Landahl

Answer 15

The Ute People were a Native American group from the arid Great Basin region. They had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and were more migratory, and they survived off of the land by eating foods such as seeds from grasses and small game

Question 16

Module 1-4

What was the Council of Valliodad?

Carlos Gutierrez

Answer 16

The Council of Valloidad was a significiant debate in 1550-1551 between Juan Gines de Sepulvida and Bartolome de las Casas concerning native treatment. Juan Gines de Sepulvida argued for the majority view of the Spanish, being that the Natives were savages because they engaged in cannibalism and other violations of “natural law”. Hence, the Spanish had a right to civilize the Natives by force if necessary. De las Casas meanwhile argued that the treatment and forced labor of the Natives was unjust. The Spanish brutal approach would stray the Natives further away from Christianity and God. He suggested a more pacifist approach.

Question 17

Module 1-4

How did Bartolome de Las Casas defend Native rights?

Monica Dominguez

Answer 17

The Spaniards wanted to convert Natives to Catholicism, but many Native laborers were dying due to harsh labor conditions. Las Casas argued that every death meant another soul lost to God, and any survivors would despise a religion that allowed so many to die a brutal death. Las Casas even suggested replacing Native slaves with African slaves.

Question 18

What navigational tools did Portugal create?

Lane Buchanan

Answer 18

Portugal made the caravel which was a small ship that was fast and maneuverable. They also upgraded the astrolabe which was a compass-like tool made by the Greeks.

Question 19

Module 1-2

Who was the European explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa to reach Asia?

Maaz Aamer

Answer 19

Vasco da Gama

Question 20

1-4

Why did Spanish colonists come to the Americas? What was/were the driving force(s) that led them to colonisation?

Shadow

Answer 20

The 3 G’s: God, Glory, and Gold
The Spanish came to the Americas because they wanted to get Gold, spread belief of God, and return with Glory.

Three G’s

Question 21

Module 1-4

What was the requerimiento and what did it allow the Spanish to do?

Grace Wascoe Bauman

Answer 21

The requerimientio was a legal document issued by King Ferdinand and **Queen Isabella **of Spain. It allowed the Spanish to justify the brutal subjugation of American people and lands through European concepts of law and religion.

Question 22

Module 1-4

How did the Pueblo Indians adapt to their surroundings?

(In terms of their homes)

Wyatt Bryniarski

Answer 22

Pueblo Indians built natural cliff dwelings for their homes.

Question 23

Module 1-3

What were three things introduced to the Old World from the New World as part of the Columbian Exchange?

Zoë Munson

Answer 23

potatoes, tomatoes, maize,

Question 24

Module 1-3

What were the Navigation Acts?

Answer 24

The Navigation Acts of the British Parliament restricted trade so that all trade would pass through the British Empire, as these acts made a lot of money for the British (also associated with the economic principle of mercantilism)

Question 25

Module 1-5

What group of people were at the top of the Spanish Caste system?

Leo Griscom

Answer 25

Peninsulares

Question 26

What’s a similarity and difference of the casta and Encomienda system?

Answer 26

Similarity- both Spanish made.
Difference- Ecomienda was forced labor for anyone working on an owned plot of land and caste is a class system related to race. ( both had Spanish decent on top)

Amelia B

Question 27

What is an example of a pre-Columbian indigenous tribe from the American Southwest, and what were their defining characteristics?

Ms. Matton

Answer 27

The Pueblo People
1. lived in complex socities and built adobe dwellings to adapt to their environment
2. cultivated maize, beans, and squash (the 3 sisters)

Question 28

What are two examples of pre-Columbian Native American societies that were migratory because of their access to resources?

Ms. Matton

Answer 28

1. Great Basin Indians (ex: Ute)
2. Great Plains Indians (ex: Sioux)
   They subsisted as hunter-gatherers and thus migrated to track the animals they hunted vs. growing crops in established settlements

Question 29

What Native American group made up of multiple tribes along the Great Lakes and upper New York grew more cohesive and gained substantial power as colonies were established?

Ms. Matton

Answer 29

The Iroquios
(I.e. The Iroquois Confederacy made up of the Mohwak, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga)

Question 30

The “opening” date of Period 1 (1492) is associated with…

Answer 30

Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the “New World” when he landed in Hispaniola

Question 31

The “closing” date of Period 1 (1607) is associated with…

Ms. Matton

Answer 31

The founding of Jamestown in Virginia (one of the Chesapeake colonies) in 1607

Question 32

Who financed Columbus’s expedition in 1492?

Answer 32

Isabella and Ferdinand, monarchs of the Spanish Crown

Question 33

Who was at the top of the social class according to the Spanish casta system?

Answer 33

Peninsulares; these were Spanish colonists who were born in Spain to pure Spanish parents (i.e. born in the Iberian Peninsula)

Question 34

The name for a social group under the casta system for those born to Spanish parents but who were born IN the colonies (as opposed to back in Spain) was…

Answer 34

creoles (criollos)

Question 35

What was one of the largest ways the Columbian Exchange impacted the population of American Indians societies?

Answer 35

Disease (esp. smallpox) decimated many native populations in staggering amounts

Question 36

When was Jamestown founded/established?

Answer 36

1607

Question 37

When was Plymouth established +the Mayflower Compact (also what is the Mayflower Compact?)

Answer 37

1620. The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document for the Plymouth colonie. This was made by the people on the Mayflower (many puritans)