Period 4: Russia Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Period 4: Russia Deck (14)
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1
Q

What was called the “Third Rome” after Rome and Constantinople?

A

Moscow, Russia

2
Q

How were the Mongols overthrown in Russia?

A

In 1480, Ivan III of Moscow refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule.

3
Q

Who was Ivan III?

A

He and later his grandson Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) established absolute rule in Russia, uniting it and expanding it eastward.

4
Q

What were Cossacks?

A
  • Ivan III and Ivan IV recruited peasants and offered them freedom from their feudal lords if they agreed to settle in new lands to the east but they had to conquer the land themselves
  • these peasant-soldiers aka Cossacks expanded Russian territories in the 16th-18th centuries into Siberia and south into the Caspian Sea
5
Q

Who was Ivan IV aka Ivan the Terrible?

A
  • strong leader w/absolute power
  • ruled under a reign of terror by 1560s
  • regularly executed anyone who he perceived as a threat to his power including his own son in 1580
6
Q

What happened after the death of Ivan IV in 1584?

A
  • no strong heir to take the throne

- Russia’s feudal lords continually battled over who should rule the empire

7
Q

What was the Time of Troubles?

A
  • 1604 to 1613
  • Russia’s feudal lords continually battled over who should rule the empire
  • one pretender to the throne would be killed by another pretender and yet another
8
Q

Who was Michael Romanov?

A
  • elected czar by the feudal lords in 1613 which ended the Time of Troubles
  • Romanov dynasty added stability to the empire and ruled until 1917
9
Q

What were characteristics of the Romanovs?

A
  • consolidated power and often ruled ruthlessly (similarly to the Ivans)
  • expanded empire w/help of the Cossacks eastward through Siberia by the late 1900s
  • expanded from Ukraine to the Pacific Ocean, northern of Manchuria by 1689
10
Q

How did forced labor systems differ in colonial Spain, Portugal, and Russia?

A
  • in the Spanish part of the New World haciendas were established in which Natives owed labor to their landlords (similarly to Europe’s feudalism) which fell apart as the Native populations diminished due to disease and converted to the Catholic faith
  • the Portuguese took advantage of the already thriving intra-African slave trade and transformed it into a trans-oceanic one where Africans wound up on plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean
  • Russian economy was domestic and both the laborers and the landowners were Russian
11
Q

Who was Peter the Great?

A
  • ruled from 1682 to 1725
  • convinced he needed to westernize Russia
  • built Russia’s first navy
  • founded St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea as his new capital
12
Q

What was St. Petersburg?

A
  • capital of Peter the Great’s empire
  • “window to the west”
  • became home to hundreds of western European engineers, scientists, architects, and artists who were recruited specifically to westernize Russia
13
Q

In what ways was Russia westernized under Peter the Great?

A
  • women of the nobility were forced to dress in western fashions
  • men were forced to shave their beards
14
Q

Who was Catherine the Great?

A
  • ruled from 1762 to 1796
  • implemented more enlightened policies of education and western culture
  • fiercely enforced repressive serfdom and limited the growth of the merchant class
  • expanded to Poland and territory on the Black Sea, ensuring Russia’s access to the Mediterranean to its south and west