Period 6: Asia and Africa Flashcards
(32 cards)
1
Q
What was the Indian National Congress?
A
- mostly Hindu political party
- established in 1885 to increase the rights of Indians under colonial rule
2
Q
What was the Muslim League?
A
- established in 1906 to advance the causes of Islamic Indians
- pushed for the creation of a Muslim nation named Pakistan
3
Q
What was the Amritsar massacre?
A
- 1919
- 319 Indians were slaughtered in Amritsar by British General Dyer during a peaceful protest in a city park
- the Indians were protesting the arrest of two of their leaders who also were only protesting
- the Indians were unarmed, surprised, and trapped within the walled park
- when news spread, Indians joined the independence movement by the millions
4
Q
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
A
- became India’s independence movement’s most important voice and organized huge protests against colonial role during the 1920s
- philosophy of passive resistance (civil disobedience) gained popular support
- raised Hindu but wanted mutual respect between Hinduism and Islam
- began to call for Indian unity above religious considerations in the late 1920s
5
Q
What was Gandhi’s passive resistance like?
A
- followers staged demonstrations and refused to assist the colonial governments instead of fighting with weapons
- massive boycotts of British imperial goods
- strikes ie. workers refused to act as labor for the British colonial government’s salt factories
6
Q
Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
A
- wanted to partition the Indian subcontinent and form a separate Muslim nation in the northern region, where Islam had become dominant
7
Q
How was India separated in 1947?
A
- separated into thirds
- India in the south
- Pakistan in two parts, one to the northwest of India (Pakistan) and the other to the east (East Pakistan, currently Bangladesh)
8
Q
How did South Africa become independent?
A
- established own constitution in 1910 and became the Union of South Africa, still part of the British Commonwealth but exercising self-rule
- under the constitution only white men could vote so the native Africans had few rights
9
Q
What was the African National Congress?
A
- organized in 1912 by educated South Africans
- effort to oppose European colonialism and specific South African policies
- similar to Indian National Congress
10
Q
Who was Gamal Nasser?
A
- general in the Egyptian army
- overthrew the Egyptian king and established a republic in the 1950s
- nationalized industries, including the Suez Canal
11
Q
Describe the different ways African countries fought for independence.
A
- the Algerians fought a war for independence from France (1954-1962)
- Nigeria and Ghana negotiated their freedom into a Parliamentary governing style borrowed from England in the early 1960s and adopted presidential systems after military coups
- Kenya negotiated its constitution with Great Britain under Jomo Kenyatta after coffee planters were unwilling to lose profitable property
- Angola and Belgian Congo overthrew colonial governments but got involved in civil wars or Cold War tensions
12
Q
What is the African Union?
A
- a political and economic confederation formed in 2001 to replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
13
Q
What happened in Rwanda in the late 1900s?
A
- the Tutsi governed the majority Hutu during German and Belgian colonial occupation
- became independent in 1962 and the Hutu revolted against the Tutsi leadership
- a military coup by the Hutu Juvenal Habyarimana in 1973 unseated the government and established a one-party republic in 1981
- Habyarimana was assassinated in 1994 leading to more conflict with the Hutu wanting revenge
- Hutu refugees were sent or fled to Zaire
14
Q
What was the Union of South Africa?
A
- formed the year after the South Africa Act of 1901
- combined two British colonies with two Dutch Boer republics
- black people were excluded from the political process
- residential segregation was enforced in 1923
- blacks were banned from work in jobs that whites wanted in 1926
- won independence from Britain in 1931
- apartheid established in 1948
15
Q
What is the system of apartheid in South Africa?
A
- divided the 80% blacks and the 20% whites in South Africa
- extended to the creation of homelands by the late 1950s which were areas that were “set aside” for blacks
- homelands were in the worst parts of the country
16
Q
Who was Nelson Mandela?
A
- became leader of the African National Congress in the 1950s, an organization determined to abolish apartheid
- at first advocated peaceful protest like Gandhi
- supported guerilla warfare after the Sharpeville massacre
- arrested in 1964 for his role in anti-apartheid violence and sentenced to life imprisonment
- released in 1990 and the South African government crumpled
- elected president in 1994 in the first free and open election in South African history
17
Q
What was the Sharpeville massacre?
A
- 1960
- 67 protestors were killed
- blacks were protesting a policy that forced them to carry passes to be in the cities in order to go to their jobs
- passes were issued at places of employment so if your wife worked she wouldn’t have a pass
- rallied the anti-apartheid movement
18
Q
How was the Middle East organized after the fall of the Ottoman Empire after WWI?
A
- France got Syria and Lebanon
- Britain got Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq
- Persian (Iran) was already carved up into spheres of influence between Britain and Russia
- Arabia united as a Saudi kingdom
19
Q
Who were Zionists?
A
- Jewish nationalists
20
Q
Who was Arthur Balfour?
A
- Britain’s foreign secretary
- convinced by Zionists during WWI that a Jewish homeland in Palestine was desirable and just
- issued the Balfour Declaration of 1917
21
Q
What was the Balfour Declaration of 1917?
A
- stated the right for a home in Palestine for the Jewish people
- should no way displace the Palestinians who currently live in Palestine
- Britain gained control of Palestine in 1920 as a mandate from the League of Nations so it made good on its declaration
- messy because it essentially provided that the Palestinians and Jews were to divide land that they both claimed
22
Q
What happened after the Balfour Declaration of 1917?
A
- many Jews, mainly Russian Jews fleeing violent anti-Semitic mobs aka pogroms, began streaming into Palestine
- Palestinians got unesay
- Jews flooded Palestine to escape Nazi Germany in the 1930s
- Palestinians still outnumbered Jews but the Jews became more influential
23
Q
Who was David Ben-Gurion?
A
- first prime minister of Israel
- announced the official creation of Israel in 1948
24
Q
What was the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?
A
- Muslims from six Arab countries attacked Israel as soon as David Ben-Gurion announced the official creation of Israel in 1948
- Israel shocked and awed the Arabs with their quick organization and military capability
- within months the Israelis controlled most of Palestine, including the Palestinian parts, while Jordan held the remaining portions (the West Bank) and suddenly Palestinians lost their home
25
What was the Six-Day War?
- 1967
- resulted in victory for the Israelis who took control of the West Bank from Jordan, the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria
26
What was the Camp David Accords?
- signed by Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1977
- agreement that didn't mention Golan Heights, Syria, or Lebanon, but led to Israel pulling out of the Sinai and Egypt becoming the only Arab country yet to recognize Israel's right to exist
27
What is the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)?
- group dedicated to reclaiming the land and establishing a Palestinian state
- unsuccessful so far in negotiating a homeland
28
Who was Ariel Sharon?
- Israeli prime minister
- approved the construction of a wall to be build between the Palestinian West Bank and Israel in order to protect Israelis against suicide attacks
29
Who was Reza Shah Pahlavi?
- rose to power in Iran in 1925
- westernized Iran
- instituted land and education reform in the 1960s
- increased the rights of women
- congratulated by US President Carter
- ousted from power in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution
30
What was the Iranian Revolution?
- ousted Reza Shah Pahlavi from power in 1979
- sent Iran back to a theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini
- Westernization programs were reversed
- Qu'ran became basis of the legal system
31
What was the Iran-Iraq War?
- Iraq invaded Iran soon in 1980 after the Iranian Revolution
- US supported Iraqi leader Suddam Hussein because Iran took US hostages during Iranian Revolution
- cease-fire signed in 1988
32
What is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)?
- a petroleum cartel formed in 1960
- has three-quarters of the world's petroleum reserves
- cut supply dramatically in the 1970s, increasing the price of oil
- used the money to modernize the countries' infrastructures and improve agricultural sectors
- less powerful since 1970s
