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PE - Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of personality?

A

The pattern of psychological characteristics that make a person unique.

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2
Q

What is the nature of personality?

A

Unique
Stable/enduring
Adaptable to different situations

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3
Q

What are the 3 theories of personality?

A

Trait theory, Social learning theory and interactionist approach

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4
Q

What does trait theory state personality is determined by?

A

Inherited or genetically predetermined qualities

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5
Q

What does trait theory say the nature of personality is?

A

Stable/enduring
Consistent in all situations
Generalised
Predictable

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6
Q

What are the 2 theories that belong to the trait perspective of personality?

A

Eysenck’s Personality Types

Gidano’s Narrow Band Theory

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7
Q

What does social learning theory state personality is determined by?

A

Copying the behaviour of others and being reinforced for copying it

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8
Q

What does social learning theory say the nature of personality is?

A

Behaviour is learned from the environment

Personality or behaviour is predictable if the same situation reoccurs.

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9
Q

What does the interactionist approach state personality is determined by?

A

Interaction or relationship between personality traits and the situation/environment
Behaviour changing to the demands of the situation/environment
a combination of trait and social learning factors

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10
Q

What does the interactionist approach state the nature of personality is?

A

Typical responses emerge from the combination of personality traits and the environment
Personality or behaviour is unpredictable

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11
Q

What does Eysenck’s personality types propose?

A

Personality traits are seen as generalisable and behaviour can be predicted in various situations

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12
Q

What are the 4 parts of Eysenck’s personality types?

A

Extrovert
Introvert
Neurotic
Stable

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13
Q

What is the extra scale Eysenck added?

A

Psychoticism
High - Tough-minded, takes risks, non-conformists, may engage in anti-social behaviour, unconcerned about others
Low - Tender, sensitive, warm, concerned about others

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14
Q

Describe an extrovert

A

Seeks out social situations
Likes excitement
Lacks concentration
RAS that reduces the effects of external sensory stimuli
Low levels of arousal/arousal occurs more slowly

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15
Q

What does RAS stand form?

A

Reticular activating system

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16
Q

Describe an introvert

A

Doesn’t seek social situations
Likes peace and quiet
Good concentration
RAS that heightens the effects of external sensory stimuli
High levels of arousal/arousal occurs more quickly

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17
Q

Describe a stable performer

A

Predictable temperament - suited to sports needing high performance
Moods are likely to be consistent
Appear calm and relaxed
Likely to be low in anxiety
Realistic/logical perception of a situation

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18
Q

Describe a neurotic performer

A

Unpredictable temperament - Not ideal for sports participation
Moods are likely to be inconsistent
Prone to worry and high anxiety
Unrealistic/illogical perception of a situation

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19
Q

What did Girdano propose?

A

There are two distinct personality types

Type A and Type B

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20
Q

What did Girdano say type A personalities were like?

A 
High competitive drive
Prone to excessive anxiety
Tendency towards aggression
Works fast and is ambitious
Impatient
Experience high levels of stress/arousal
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21
Q

What did Girdano say type B personalities were like?

A 
Less competitive
Can relax/subdue anxiety
Passive
Works more slowly/calm under pressure
Patient 
Low levels of stress/anxiety
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22
Q

What 6 things did Girdano compare?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Competitiveness
Anxiety
Aggression
Pace of work
Patience
Arousal
23
Q

What is Girdano’s theory called?

Study These Flashcards
A

Narrow band theory

24
Q

Why are traits poor predictors of behaviours?

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A

They can change
People adapt behaviour in response to the environment
Other influences on personality aren’t considered

25
Who came up with the social learning theory?
Bandura
26
What does social learning theory propose?
All behaviour is learned from environmental experience also known as vicarious learning
27
Describe social learning theory
Observe/copy behaviour of others | Learning requires reinforcement from role models
28
What are the 2 processes involved in social learning?
Behaviour being imitated through observation | Behaviour being acquired after observation but only when endorsed through social reinforcement
29
What is an example of behaviour being imitated through observation?
A performer watching a coach show sportsmanship and therefore observing that and imitating it.
30
What is an example of behaviour being acquired after observation but only when endorsed through social reinforcement?
If a player sees a coach showing sportsmanship they may imitate that and also show sportsmanship however, they would only keep doing it if reinforced.
31
What 6 things should a role model be in order for social learning to take place?
Approachable - performer must be able to talk to them Behaviour - Must be meaningful to performer Same Gender/Similar Age Relevant - High status Authoritative - Experience, commands respect, power Consistent - behaviour is always the same
32
Who came up with the interactionist approach?
Hollander
33
What does the interactionist approach propose?
Personality is made up of three layers Inner layer - Psychological core Middle layer - Typical response Outer layer - Role related behaviour
34
Definition of interactionist approach
Behaviour occurs from the influence of inherited traits and learned experience
35
Describe the interactionist approach
Personality is modified and behaviour is formed when genetically-inherited traits are triggered by an environmental circumstance
36
Describe the psychological core (Interactionist approach)
``` Not affected by the environment Permanent qualities, beliefs and values Possibly controls and dictates behaviour Traits aspect of personality Affects the next layer ```
37
Describe the typical response (Interactionist approach)
How we usually respond to certain situations Is learned behaviour Informed by our psychological core More changeable than the core but still difficult to change
38
Describe role-related behaviour (Interactionist approach)
Typical responses affected by our circumstances Behaviour is completely different at different times in different situations - changeable May be very unlike our psychological core Most visible aspect of our personality
39
Anxious example of Interactionist approach
Psychological core - Anxious naturally Typical response - When under pressure, feel anxious Role-related behaviour - If confident about a skill may not be anxious, eg rugby player catching a ball.
40
Aggression example of Interactionist approach
Psychological core - Aggressive naturally Typical response - If provoked, act aggressively Role-related behaviour - If made captain may control aggression more as they need to be a role model to other players
41
What is personality profiling?
An overall assessment of an individual's personality
42
How do you assess personality?
Questionnaires
43
What are the examples of questionnaires that are used for personality profile?
Eysenck's personality inventory Cattell's 16 PF questionnaire The sports competition anxiety test (SCAT) Profile of mood states (POMS)
44
Which moods are measured in POMS?
``` Tension Depression Anger Vigour Fatigue Confusion ```
45
Which people came up with the humanistic theory of personality?
Roger's self-actualisation | Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
46
What does the humanistic theory state?
Individuals have a need for self-actualisation (personal growth) and to realise their potential as human beings.
47
What 2 needs did Rogers find that you need to reach self-actualisation?
Positive self regard, feeling good about oneself | Conditional positive regard, needing the approval of others to feel good about oneself
48
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Five-tier model of human needs. People are motivated to meet certain needs, some needs take priority over others. The lower levels are the highest priority. People fluctuate between the levels. Motivation is achieving the next level up.
49
What are the 5 tiers of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Highest priority/lowest level - Physiological Safety Love/belonging Esteem Lowest priority/highest level - Self-actualisation
50
Describe the physiological tier of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Breathing, food, water, reproduction, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
51
Describe the safety tier of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Security of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health, property
52
Describe the love/belonging tier of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
53
Describe the esteem tier of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others.
54
Describe the self-actualisation tier of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.

PE - Psychology (14 decks)

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