pharm for infections Flashcards
(18 cards)
penicillin
MOA: weakens cell walls
narrow-spectrum: Penicillin G, Penicillin V
broad-spectrum: amoxicillin, ampicillin
anti-staph: nafcillin, oxacillin
anti-pseudomonal: piperacillin tazobactam
cephalosporins
MOA: destroys cell wall
-more effective against gram negative
-therapeutic use: treat variety, broad-spectrum
-prototype: cephalexin
-1st: cefazolin
-2nd: cefaclor/cefotetan
-3rd: ceftriaxone, cefotaxime
-4th: cefepime
-5th: cefazoline
carbapenems
MOA: destroy cell walls
Prototype: Imipenem-cilsatatin IM/IV use
-meropenem (IV)
-broad antimicrobial
therapeutic use: treats serious infections, pseudo requires combo drugs to treat
antibiotics that destroy cell walls
pcn, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams
other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
vancomycin, aztreonam, Fosfomycin
therapeutic use: treat serious infections due to methicillin resistant staph and c diff
antibiotics affecting protein synthesis
tetracyclines, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline
purpose: broad-spectrum that prevents protein synthesis of organisms (bacteriostatic)
therapeutic use: treats acne, periodontal disease, rickettsia, RMSF, STIs, pneumonia, Lyme disease, anthrax, GI infection, UTIs
tetracyclines
complications: GI discomfort (n/v/s, cramping, esophageal ulceration), yellow-brown tooth discoloration, hypoplasia of tooth enamel, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity, superinfection (c diff, yeast)
interactions:
-milk products, Ca, iron supplements, Mg laxatives, antacids all decrease absorption of med (separate by 2 hrs)
-doxycycline + digoxin= increase risk of digoxin toxicity (monitor)
-no intercourse until treatment is done for STI or STD treatment
education: take with light meals to decrease esophageal ulceration, don’t give to preg or younger than 8 yo, avoid daily increased doses IV, wear sunglasses
macrolides
prototype: Erythromycin
-azithromycin (z pack), clarithromycin
purpose: bacteriostatic by inhibiting protein synthesis, bactericidal at high doses
aminoglycosides
-gentamicin, tobramycin, neomycin, streptomycin, paromomycin
purpose: bacteriostatic by inhibiting protein synthesis
therapeutic use: plaque, tularemia, good prep for colorectal surgery, paromomycin for tapeworm, gram- bacilli
sulfonamides and trimethoprim
prototype: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
-sulfadiazine
purpose: inhibit growth by preventing synthesis of folic acid- essential for DNA/RNA
treats: UTIs due to most often E Coli, otitis media, chancroid, pertussis, shigellosis
urinary tract antiseptics
prototype: nitrofurantoin
-methenamine
purpose: broad spectrum with bacteriostatic and cidal action by damaging DNA
therapeutic use: acute UTIs, prophylaxis for recurrent UTIs
fluoroquinolones
prototype: ciprofloxacin
-ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, Gemifloxacin
purpose: bactericidal due to inhibition of enzyme necessary for DNA replication
uses: broad-spectrum antimicrobials to treat wide variety
phenazopyridine (AZO)
purpose: AZO dye acts as local anesthetic on mucosa of tract
-don’t give if AKI/CKD
-makes urine orange-red color and can stain clothes
-take with or after meals
antimycobacterial (selective anti-TB)
-prototype: isoniazid (INH): inhibits growth by inhibiting synthesis of mycolic acid in cell wall
-pyrazinamide (PZA)
-ethambutol
-rifapentine: give 4 months found to be good option, give with INH and PZA
purpose: highly specific to mycobacteria
therapeutic use: active and latent TB, variety in length and type of treatment based on different factors
Rifampin
-broad spectrum antimycobacterial
purpose: bactericidal by inhibition of protein synthesis
-give for TB with other TB meds to prevent antibiotic resistance
Antiprotozoals
-prototype: metronidazole
purpose: broad spectrum with bactericidal activity against anaerobic orgs
use: protozoal infections, prophylaxis in surgery (vaginal, colorectal, abdominal), H. pylori treatment
Antifungals
-Amphotericin B (systemic mycoses)
-Ketoconazole (superficial and systemic mycoses)
-Griseofulvin, Fluconazole, Terbinafine, Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Nystatin, Flucytosine
Purpose: amphotericin B causes fungal cell death. Can be fungistatic or fungicidal
Use: fungal infections systemic or topical
Antivirals
-prototypes: Acyclovir, Ganciclovir
Purpose: prevent reproduction of viral DNA and interrupts cell replication
Uses: herpes, varicella zoster
-Ganciclovir- CMV treat and prevention in immunocompromised,
-interferon alfa-2b and lamivudine hep B and hep C
-Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) treats flu A and B
-Ribavirin- treats RSV, Hep C and flu
-Boceprevir and telaprevir- treat Hep C
