Pharm Review

Question 1

What is bioavailability?

Answer 1

The % of medication that reaches systemic circulation

Question 2

What are the different methods of absorption?

Answer 2

oral 
Sublingual
inhalation
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Transdermal/topical

Question 3

What re the the 4 stages of the medication cycle?

Answer 3

absorption
distribution
Metabolism
elimination

Question 4

When is a drug “active”?

Answer 4

When it is unbound to to a protein

Question 5

What happens if there is too much unbound drug in the system?

Answer 5

drug toxicity

Question 6

Where are sites that drugs may accumulate and be slowly released?

Answer 6

sites of fat stores

Question 7

What is Asprin and what are its effects?

Answer 7

inhibits COX, thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
-Antipyretic
-Analgesic
anti-inflammatory
antiplatelet

Question 8

What are some side effects of Asprin?

Answer 8

GI upset

Question 9

Adverse effects of Asprin?

Answer 9

prolonged bleeding times
GI ulceration
Allergic reactions

Question 10

What is the common name for NSAID’s?

Answer 10

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

Question 11

What are the effects of ibuprofen?

Answer 11

Antipyretic
analgesic
anti-inflammatory

Question 12

What are the side effects of ibuprofen?

Answer 12

fluid retention and edema (problem in renal dysfx, CHF)

GI irritation

Question 13

What are some drug reactions

Answer 13

Coumadin
Alcohol
Decreases lithium clearance (inc blood levels)

Question 14

What are glucocortorticosteroids used for?

Answer 14

RA

DJD

Question 15

What are some side effects/adverse effects for glucocortorticosteroids?

Answer 15

Adrenal insufficienct
Immunosuppression
Depression, anxiety, euphoria, "mood swings"
cataracts
cushingoid state(moon face) acne stretch marks on extremities
fluid retention
hyperglycemia
osteoporosis
myopathy
GI disturbances

Question 16

what are three other agents used with arthritis?

Answer 16

capsacian
glucosamine
chondroitin

Question 17

What are DMARD’s used for?

Answer 17

active continuing inflammatory disease. Stop inflammation and joint destruction

Question 18

When is it best to use DMARDS?

Answer 18

Early and agressively

Question 19

What is methotrexate?

Answer 19

A DMARD. Also used as an anti cancer agent

Question 20

Side effects and adverse effects of methotrexate?

Answer 20

hepatic dysfxn
GI disturbances
Blood complications

Question 21

What are some nonpharmolacological agents used for osteoporosis prevention?

Answer 21

Vitamin D and calcium. Vit D facilitates absorption of calcium from GI tract.
-weight bearing exercises
-stopping smoking
dec alcohol consumption
decrease caffeine intake

Question 22

What are Biphosphonates?

Answer 22

Inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption without affecting bone formation. Used for osteoporosis

Question 23

Common Biphosphonates?

Answer 23

Alendronate
Etidronate
Teriparatide

Question 24

What hormone is used to diminish osteoclastic activity?

Answer 24

calcitonin

Question 25

What is another name for Diazepam?

Answer 25

Valium, muscle relaxant

Question 26

How does diazepam act on the body?

Answer 26

Acts centrally in supra spinal centers and spinal intraneurons

Question 27

What is diazepam used for?

Answer 27

Treating muscle spasm

Question 28

What is tizanidine?

Answer 28

A muscle relaxant, aka zanaflex

Question 29

How does tizanidine act?

Answer 29

Acts in the spinal cord as an adrenergic agonist

Question 30

What is tizanidine used to treat?

Answer 30

Used to treat spasticity

Question 31

What is a side effect of tizanidine?

Answer 31

hypotension

Question 32

What type of medications are clorzoxaone, cyclobenzaprine (flexeril), carisoprodol, methocarbamol(robaxin), and orphenadrine?

Answer 32

Muscle relaxants

Question 33

What is baclofen?

Answer 33

Muscle Relaxant which is used to treat spasticity or reduce painful flexor or extensor spasm.

Question 34

What does Baclofan act on?

Answer 34

inhibits release of neurotransmitters in the brain and spinal cord

Question 35

What are some side effects of baclofan

Answer 35

drowsiness | increased seizures if pt has epilepsy

Question 36

What is dantrolene?

Answer 36

Muscle relaxant used for chronic spasticity

Question 37

Where does dantrolene act?

Answer 37

Acts locally on muscle fibers to block release of calcium

Question 38

What are the main categories of antihypertensive medications?

Answer 38

Alpha-Adrenergic blockers Beta-adrenergic blockers Calcium channel blockers Diuretics

Question 39

How do Alpha-1 blockers work?

Answer 39

Block alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle allowing arterial and venous vasodilation

Question 40

How do alpha-2 blockers work?

Answer 40

stimulate alpha-2 receptors in the brainstem which decrease sympathetic NS signals. Results: decreased HR, peripheral resistance, blood pressure

Question 41

How do beta-blockers work?

Answer 41

decrease cardiac output by slowing HR

Question 42

What are the different types of beta blockers?

Answer 42

nonselective beta blockers-block beta-1 and 2 receptors | selective beta blockers-block Beta 1 receptors only

Question 43

Who should not be on beta blockers?

Answer 43

angina, COP and diabetes

Question 44

Side effects of beta blockers

Answer 44

sleep disturbances mental status changes (depression and disorientation) Cold extremeties

Question 45

What are calcium channel blockers?

Answer 45

inhibit the influx of calcium ions to myocardial and vascular cells. contractile process is inhibited allowing vasodilatation in coronary arteries and decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow.

Question 46

Side effects of calcium channel blockers?

Answer 46

significant bradycardia | flushing, headache, ankle swelling, reflex tachycardia

Question 47

How do diuretics work?

Answer 47

incerases urine volume resulting in decreased vascular resistance.

Question 48

What medication is used for angina?

Answer 48

Nitrates which cause peripheral vasodilatation which causes blood to pool in legs