Pharmacology Test Five Flashcards
(198 cards)
0
Q
Side/adverse effects for ARBs
A
Upper respiratory infection
Related to overdose: hypotension
1
Q
Losartan potassium (Cozaar, Hyzaar) is classified as
A
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
2
Q
Teaching for ARBs
A
Don’t use in second and third trimesters. Pts being treated for hypertension must monitor BP
3
Q
Nifedipine (Procardia) is classified as
A
Calcium channel blocker
4
Q
Action of calcium channel blockers
A
Blocks calcium channels, promotes vasodilation
5
Q
Side effects for calcium channel blockers
A
Peripheral edema, can make heart failure worse, angina, hypertension
6
Q
Teaching for calcium channel blocker
A
Can be used with nitroglycerin. Don’t take with fruit juice (causes toxicity). Monitor BP. Report angina.
7
Q
Prazosin (Minipress) is classified as
A
Alpha adrenergic blocker
8
Q
Action of Minipress
A
Blocks sympathetic nervous system response and causes vasodilation
9
Q
Side effects for Minipress
A
Dizziness, impotence with high doses, edema in mornings, first dose syncope ~30-90 minutes
10
Q
Teaching for Minipress
A
Safest to give at night. Works well with blacks. Asians are twice of sensitive so need smaller dose
11
Q
Doxazosin (Cardura) is classified as
A
Alpha adrenergic blocker
12
Q
Action for Cardura
A
Blocks alpha receptors, used for lowering BP
13
Q
Side effects for Cardura
A
Dizziness, first dose hypotension
14
Q
Teaching for Cardura
A
Safest to give at night
15
Q
Metoprolol (Lopressor) is classified as
A
Beta adrenergic blocker
16
Q
Action of beta blocker
A
Beta blockade in the heart and conduction system
17
Q
Side effects of beta blocker
A
Bradycardia, decreased cardiac output
18
Q
Teaching for beta blocker
A
Assess BP and heart rate. Hold if heart rate is less than 60. Watch for orthostatic hypotension, impotence, does not work well with blacks
19
Q
Heparin is classified as
A
Anticoagulant
20
Q
Action of heparin
A
Inactivated thrombin formation and affects clowning factor 10A so fibrin doesn’t form
21
Q
Side/adverse effects for heparin
A
Itching
Bleeding
22
Q
Teaching for heparin
A
Given to pts that already have clots to keep from getting bigger. Also given for high risk of clots. Monitor for bleeding. Teach what to do if cut themselves. Use soft toothbrushes, electric razors
23
Q
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) is classified as
A
Anticoagulant
24
Action for Lovenox
Prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
25
Advantages of Lovenox
Less bleeding, safer than heparin
26
Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is classified as
Anticoagulant
27
Pradaxa acts how
Affects clotting
28
Advantages of Pradaxa
No food interactions. Needs no blood monitoring
29
Disadvantages of Pradaxa
No antidote. Very expensive.
30
Warfarin (Coumadin) is classified as
Anticoagulant
31
Action of Coumidin
Antagonizes Vitamin K. Long half life, long duration. Used for treatment of venous thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, prevention of MI and stroke
32
Side/adverse effects for Coumidin
GI distress
Bleeding
Black box warning: major or fatal bleeding
33
Teaching for Coumidin
Watch for bruising, hemorrhage. Risk factors include hypertension, coronary artery disease, past history of GI disease. Avoid foods high in Vitamin K. Take at same time daily. Many drug/drug interactions. Don't take aspirin. Pregnancy category X
34
Protamine sulfate is classified as
Reversal agent for heparin
35
Vitamin K (Mephyton) is used as
Reversal agent for warfarin
36
Clopidogrel (Plavix) is classified as
Anti platelet
37
Action for Plavix
Decreases platelet stickiness, used in pts at risk for clotting
38
Side/adverse effects for Plavix
Dizziness, flu-like symptoms
39
Teaching for Plavix
Some doctors combine with low dose aspirin. Pts don't bleed right away when IV catheter is pulled out. Stop use prior to dental procedures, surgeries
40
Aspirin in low doses is classified as
Antiplatelet
41
Action for Low dose aspirin
Affects platelets immediately if chewed
42
Dosage for low dose aspirin
81 mg or 325 mg/day is anti platelet dose
43
Altepase (tPA) is classified as
Thrombolytic
44
tPA action
Dissolves formed clots
45
How is tPA administered
IV
46
Teaching for tPA
Watch for improvement, monitor bleeding, do not give with aspirin
47
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) is classified as
Antihyperlipidemic
48
Simvastatin (Zocor) is classified as
Antihyperlipidemic
49
Side effects for Lipitor and Zocor
Rash, headache. Can cause muscle pain.
50
Teaching for Lipitor and Zocor
Before prescribed, must diet and exercise. Teach pt. about diet
51
Gemfibrozil (Lobid) is classified as
Antihyperlipidemic
52
Side effect for Lobid
Stomach upset
53
Teaching for Lobid
Take 30 min before morning and evening meals, teach low fat diet and exercise
54
Niacin is classified as
Antihyperlipidemic
55
Side effects for Niacin
Flushing of face, feeling hot
56
Teaching for Niacin
Can take with aspirin. Less side effects if taken with meals. May not improve cardiovascular in long term
57
Action for Antihyperlipidemics
Decrease manufacture of LDL and increase HDL
58
Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues
Infection
59
Presence and multiplication of microorganisms without tissue invasion or damage. Colonies develop when a bacterial cell begins reproducing
Colonization
60
Infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
61
Hospital acquired
Nosocomial
62
Microorganisms are found in public places
Community acquired
63
Organisms buildup resistance to treatment
Drug resistance
64
Undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity
Hypersensitivity
65
Occurrence of secondary infection when the flora of the body is disturbed
Superinfection
66
Drug can cause organ failure, be aware of renal and liver function
Organ toxicity
67
Attacks specific organism(s)
Narrow spectrum
68
Attacks all kinds of organisms
Broad spectrum
69
Staining technique used to classify bacteria by color, shape, and appearance
Gram stain
70
Growing microorganism in lab
Culture
71
Refers to susceptibility of organism to microbial
Sensitivity
72
Allergy to one type if drug may lead to allergy to another
Cross allergenicity
73
Delayed allergic response; appearing 4-10 days after exposure to some antibiotics
Serum sickness
74
Occurs when IV form of vancomycin is given too rapidly, pt becomes flushed
Red man syndrome
75
Lg initial dose of substance or series of such doses given to rapidly achieve a therapeutic concentration in body
Initial loading dose
76
Highest serum level of drug
Peak serum drug level
77
Lowest serum drug level
Trough serum drug level
78
Amoxicillin (Amoxil) is classified as
Penicillin, broad spectrum antibiotic
79
Action for Amoxil
Interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme that is necessary for cell division and cellular synthesis
80
Side effects for Amoxil
GI disturbances: nausea, vomiting. Vaginal candidiasis
81
Teaching for Amoxil
Assess history of allergies and what happens if allergic. Can be given without regard to meals. If taking for first time should be observed for first thirty minutes
82
Cephalexin (Keflex) is classified as
1st generation cephalosporin
83
Action of Keflex
Destroys bacterial cell walls
84
Side/adverse effects for Keflex
Superinfection, oral candidiasis, serum sickness can occur following second dose of IV therapy, can cause bleeding especially in pts with bleeding tendencies
Nephrotoxicity
85
Teaching for Keflex
Sometimes can lead to Cdiff. Sometimes skin testing is possible to see if pt is allergic to antibiotics
86
Vancomycin (Vancocin) is classified as
Tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic
87
Action for Vancocin
Binds to bacterial cell walls and alters cell membrane permeability
88
Side/adverse effects for Vancocin
Unpleasant taste in mouth, nausea, vomiting
| Nephrotoxicity. Red man syndrome.
89
Teaching for Vancocin
If red man syndrome occurs, slow IV rate. Syndrome usually happens within 30 minutes of starting antibiotic. Monitor renal function and I&O
90
Tetracycline (Sumycin) is classified as
Tetracycline
91
Sumycin action
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and have bacteriostatic
92
Side/adverse effects of Sumycin
GI disturbances: nausea, vomiting. Photosensitivity.
| Superinfection, nephrotoxicity in high doses
93
Teaching for Sumycin
Assess for allergies. Can be taken on empty stomach. Avoid antacids and dairy within 3 hours of taking. Drink full glass of water with oral doses. Protect skin from sun. May decrease effect of contraceptives
94
Erythromycin (E-mycin) is classified as
Macrolide
95
Action of E-mycin
Suppress bacterial protein synthesis, commonly used for penicillin allergies and anti acne
96
Side effects of E-mycin
GI disturbances
| Nephrotoxicity in high doses
97
Teaching for E-mycin
Interacts with Coumidin. Allergic reactions rare.
98
Gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin) is classified as
Aminoglycoside
99
Action for Garamycin
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, given for more serious infections
100
Side effects for Garamycin
Black box Alert for risk of nephrotoxicity
| Ototoxicity
101
Teaching for Garamycin
Monitor lab tests, kidney function, urine output. Do not give with other drugs that cause ototoxicity
102
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is classified as
Fluoroquinolone
103
Action of Cipro
Interferes with bacterial DNA -used for infections of bones, joints, skin, soft tissues
104
Side effects of Cipro
GI disturbances, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, superinfection possible
105
Teaching for Cipro
Assess skin. Also associated with tendon rupture and tendinitis in athletes
106
Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) is classified as
Sulfonamide
107
Action of Bactrim/Septra
Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial - used to treat travelers diarrhea and otitis media
108
Side/adverse effects of Bactrim/Septa
Rash 7-10 days after starting
| Shortness of breath
109
Teaching for Bactrim/Septra
Often used as oral agents, can also go in eye. Monitor for allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis not common.
110
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin) is classified as
Sulfonamide
111
Action for Furadantin/Macrodantin
Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid. Alters proteins.
112
Side effects for Furadantin/Macrodantin
GI disturbances, dark urine, avoid sun
113
Teaching for Furadantin/Macrodantin
Report tingling in fingers and toes
114
Highly contagious infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted through inhalation and characterized by cough, fever, shortness of breath, weight loss, and appearance of inflammatory substances and tubercles in lungs
Tuberculosis
115
Isoniazid (INH) is classified as
Anti tubercular
116
Action of INH
Inhibits cell wall synthesis of tubercle bacillus
117
Side effects for INH
Black box warning for hepatitis
| Peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity
118
Teaching for INH
No alcohol. Take 1-2 hours before meals as ordered
119
Rifampin (Ridadin) is classified as
Anti tubercular
120
What is Ridadin often given with
INH
121
Side effects of Ridadin
Turns urine red-orange. Soft contact lenses can absorb color. Affects contraception.
122
Teaching for Ridadin
Has many interactions with other drugs
123
Metronidazole (Flagyl) is classified as
Antibacterial, antiprotozoal
124
Action for Flagyl
Disrupts DNA synthesis. Can treat Cdiff
125
Side/adverse effects of Flagyl
GI disturbances: nausea. Anorexia
| Superinfections, peripheral neuropathies can occur
126
Amphotericin B (Fungizone) is classified as
Antifungal
127
Fungizone is used for
Serious fungal infections such as in lungs and blood
128
Side effects for Fungizone
Black box to be used for those with potentially fatal fungal infections
Multiple organ failure, damages kidneys, numbing and tingling, nephrotoxicity
129
Teaching for Fungizone
Pts may start off with fever and chills, coagulation effects, monitor vital signs and I&O
130
Nystatin (Mycostatin) is classified as
Antifungal
131
Mycostatin is used for
Fungal infections of mouth, sometimes for prophylaxis
132
Acyclovir (Zovirax) is classified as
Antiviral
133
Action of Zovirax
Alter viral replication, used for HSV 1 & 2
134
Side effects for Zovirax
Orthostatic hypotension
135
Teaching for Zovirax
Symptom relief, not a cure. Doesn't work when virus is dormant. Apply with gloves. Avoid sexual contact.
136
Chloroquine (Aralen HCl) is classified as
Antimalarial
137
Aralen HCl works how
Interferes with protein synthesis of malaria
138
Side effects for Aralen HCl
GI upset, visual disurbances
139
Teaching for Aralen HCl
Sometimes given for prophylaxis. Make sure drug is effective before traveling
140
Chronic inflammatory disease of airways
Asthma
141
Severe asthma attack, medical emergency
Status asthmaticus
142
Combination of lung problems, irreversible and progressive. Airway tissues degenerate and cause gas exchange problems
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
143
Destruction of alveoli
Emphysema
144
Diphenhydramine (Benedryl) is classified as
First generation antihistamine
145
Cetirizine (Zyrtec) is classified as
Second generation antihistamine
146
Action of antihistamine
Blocks effect of histamine by competing with it at peripheral level
147
Side effects of antihistamines
Drowsiness
| Excess sedation and CNS depression in overdose
148
Teaching for antihistamines
Avoid alcohol. Centers around make sure pt doesn't take before driving, etc.
149
Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) is classified as
Decongestant
150
Oxymetzoline (Afrin) is classified as
Decongestant
151
Action of decongestants
Stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors, producing vascular constriction of the capillaries within the nasal mucosa
152
Side effects of decongestants
Rebound nasal congestion, insomnia
153
Teaching for decongestants
Short term use, no more than 2x day for 3-5 days. Contraindicated in pts with heart disease, glaucoma, severe hypertension
154
Codeine is classified as
Antitussive
155
Side effects for codeine
CNS depression, sleepiness, long term use has potential for tolerance and dependence, slows down GI tract, may cause paralytic ileum
156
Teaching for codeine
Avoid tasks that require alertness, avoid alcohol, monitor bowels
157
Dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM) is classified as
Antitussive
158
Side effects for Robitussin
Dizziness, drowsiness, nervousness
159
Teaching for Robitussin
Can be taken every 4-12 hours, should not be given to children ages 4-7
160
Guaifenesin (Mucinex, Humibid) is classified as
Expectorant
161
Action of Mucinex
Loosen secretions to be eliminated by cough
162
Side effects for Mucinex
Rare
163
Teaching for Mucinex
Maintain hydration, read labels, can cause drowsiness
164
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Acetadote) is classified as
Mucolytic expectorant
165
Action for Mucomyst
Enhances flow of sections so respiratory passages can be cleared by cough
166
Side effects for Mucomyst
Nausea, vomiting
167
Teaching for Mucomyst
Bad odor, can be administered orally, inhalation, IV, should not be taken more than a week. Acetylcysteine given in Tylenol overdoses.
168
Fluticasone (Flonase) is classified as
Intranasal corticosteroid
169
Action for Flonase
Steroids for treating allergic rhinitis, decrease inflammation in open nasal passages
170
Side effects for Flonase
Throat irritation, burning, pro pharyngeal candidiasis
171
Teaching for Flonase
Rinse mouth with water, if using as bronchodilator take before any other medications, can be sprayed 1-2 sprays in nostril daily
172
Epinephrine (Adrenalin) is classified as
Sympathomimetic
173
Action for Adrenalin
Bronchodilator and cardiac stimulant. Affects alpha 1, beta 1 and 2 receptors
174
Adrenalin can be used as
Anti-allergy
175
Albuterol (Proventil) is classified as
Sympathomimetic
176
Action of Proventil
Bronchodilator selective for beta 2, results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. Rapid onset.
177
Side effects for Proventil
Headache, restlessness, tremors, palpitations, chest pain
178
Teaching for Proventil
Increase fluid intake, rinse mouth with water, monitor respiratory rate, monitor lung sounds, avoid caffeine
179
Ipratropium (Atrovent, Atrovent HFA) is classified as
Sympathomimetic
180
Action of Atrovent
Blocks action of acetylcholine, used for maintenance treatment of bronchospasms
181
Side effects of Atrovent
Headache, restlessness, tremors, palpitations, chest pain
182
Teaching for Atrovent
Increase fluids, washout mouth, monitor respiratory rate, monitor lung sounds, avoid caffeine
183
Theophylline is classified as
Lower respiratory drug
184
Action of theophylline
Reduces bronchospasms, increases heart rate
185
Side effects for theophylline
Tachycardia, restlessness, tremors
186
Teaching for theophylline
Therapeutic range- 10-20 mcg/mL
| Monitor blood levels, avoid stimulants, stop smoking, monitor heart rate be lung sounds
187
Prednisone (Deltasone) is classified as
Corticosteroid
188
Action of Deltasone
Prevent inflammation, suppress airway mucus production, used to treat asthma
189
Side effects for Deltasone
Increased risk for fractures, delayed healing, mood swings
190
Teaching for Deltasone
Many adverse effects when used long term
191
Beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR) is classified as
Corticosteroid
192
QVAR is used for
Inhaled, treats asthma
193
Beclomethasone (Beaconase AQ) is classified as
Corticosteroid
194
Beaconase AQ is used for
Nasal - treats asthma
195
Cromolyn (Intal) is classified as
Mast cell stabilizer
196
Action for Intal
Used for asthma, exercise induced bronchospasms, allergic rhinitis
197
Teaching for Intal
Can be inhaled, rinse mouth after taking, increase fluid intake, not for acute attacks
