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Pharmacology Test Four Flashcards

(95 cards)

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0
Q

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac output

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1
Q

When the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs

A

Heart failure

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2
Q

The amount of blood that fills the heart just before systole

A

Preload

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3
Q

The pressure in the aorta that must be overcome in order for the heart to eject blood

A

After load

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4
Q

Signs and symptoms of heart failure are

A

Shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, edema in legs ankles and feet, rapid or irregular heartbeat, reduced ability to exercise, persistent cough of wheezing with white or pink blood tinged phlegm, swelling of your abdomen, sudden weight gain from fluid retention, lack of appetite and nausea, difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness

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5
Q

Digoxin (Lanoxin) is classified as

A

Cardiac glycoside

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6
Q

Action of Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

Increases force of myocardial contraction, decreases heart rate. Inhibits sodium and increases calcium in cells.

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7
Q

Side/adverse effects of Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

Side: anorexia, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting
Adverse: bradycardia, visual disturbances with high levels known as yellow vision

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8
Q

Teaching for Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

Contraindicated in pts with electrolyte imbalances, pts should be taught to use same brand, need frequent blood monitoring. Nurses do not give to someone with an apical pulse of less than 60 bpm. Teach pts to take pulse daily.

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9
Q

Digoxin immune fab (Digibind) is used for what

A

Treat digoxin toxicity

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10
Q

Dobutamine (Dobutrex) is classified as

A

Cardiac glycoside

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11
Q

Dobutamine (Dobutrex) acts how

A

Decreases preload and after load and enhances myocardial contractility

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12
Q

Side/adverse effects for Dobutamine (Dobutrex)

A

Side: increased heart rate, increased blood pressure
Adverse: may increase heart rate too much and cause angina

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13
Q

Nursing for Dobutamine (Dobutrex)

A

Monitor pts heart rate, take frequent vitals

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14
Q

Milrinone (Primacor) is classified as

A

Cardiac glycoside

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15
Q

Action of Milrinone (Primacor)

A

Relaxes vascular smooth muscle and causes vasodilation

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16
Q

What is a normal digoxin level?

A

0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL

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17
Q

Chest pain that originates for heart when it doesn’t get enough blood. Warning sign that something is wrong with heart.

A

Angina

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18
Q

Tissue death that occurs when blood supply decreases to part if heart

A

Infarction

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19
Q

Nitroglycerin (Nitro-Bid) is classified as

A

Anti-anginal

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20
Q

Action for nitroglycerin (Nitro-Bid)

A

Dilates coronary arteries, improves collateral blood flow, dilates some systemic veins and arteries, decreases preload

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21
Q

Side/adverse effects for nitroglycerin (nitro-bid)

A

Side: headache, dizziness, syncope, contact dermatitis, sublingual tablet does burn
Adverse: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, tolerance may lead to dose increase, severe headaches

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22
Q

Nursing for nitroglycerin (nitro-bid)

A

Do not use if pt has hypotension, monitor vitals, pt should lie own when taking drug for first time, if using patches on chest do not defibrillate since patches can explode

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23
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is classified as

A

Nitrate, anti-anginal

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24
Action of Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)
Relaxes smooth muscles of arteries and veins, decreases preload and after load
25
Side/adverse effects for Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)
Side: headache, orthostatic hypotension, burning with sublingual
26
Teaching for Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)
Assess chest, assess blood pressure, be careful ambulating pt
27
Ranolazine (Ranexa) is classified as
Sodium current inhibitor, anti-anginal, anti-ischemic
28
Action for Ranolazine (Ranexa)
Inhibits sodium currents
29
Side/Adverse effects for Ranolazine (Ranexa)
Side: dizziness, headache Adverse: in overdose pts get confused
30
Teaching for Ranolazine (Ranexa)
Assess chg, assess blood pressure, be careful ambulating pt
31
Procainamide (Pronestyl) is classified as
Class 1A sodium channel blocker, antidysrhythmic
32
Action of procainamide (Pronestyl)
Increases stimulation threshold of ventricles, used to prevent of treat dysrhythmias
33
Side/adverse effects of Procainamide (Pronestyl)
Side: rare, some pts get hypotensione
34
Teaching for procainamide (pronestyl)
Often given IV to pts on monitors
35
Lidocaine (Xylocaine) is classified as
Class 1B sodium channel blocker, antidysrhythmic
36
Action of lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Used to treat premature ventricular contractions and ventricular tachycardia
37
Side/adverse effects for lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Side: rare, overdose can develop low blood pressure, cardiovascular collapse. Drowsiness may mean too much of drug
38
Nursing for lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Pt must always be on monitor
39
Flecaimide (Tambocor) is classified as
Class 1c sodium channel blocker, antidysrhythmic
40
Flecaimide (Tambocor) works how
Treatment of fast hat rate when other drugs do not work
41
Side effects of flecaimide (Tambocor)
Dizziness, headache, heart failure
42
Nursing measures for flecaimide (Tambocor)
Monitor EKG
43
Propranolol (Inderal) is classified as
Beta adrenergic blocker, antidysrhythmic
44
Action for propranolol (Inderal)
Prevent sympathetic nervous system stimulation of heart
45
Side/adverse effects for propranolol (Inderal)
Side: decreased sexual function, drowsiness, overdose can cause dangerous drops in blood pressure and heart rate
46
Nursing for propranolol (Inderal)
Monitor EKG, monitor renal and hepatic function, check heart rate before giving drug, hold if heart rate is below 60, stand pt slowly
47
Amiodarone (Cordarone) is classified as
Potassium channel blocker, antidysrhythmic
48
Action for amiodarone (Cordarone)
Prolongs action potential and refractory period of cardiac cycle
49
Side/adverse effects for amiodarone (Cordarone)
Side: micro deposits can form in eyes and cause visual disturbances, decreased appetite Adverse: pulmonary toxicity, bradycardia, visual disturbances, when taken over six months can cause bluish discoloration of skin
50
Nursing for amiodarone (Cordarone)
If symptomatic bradycardia occurs, treatment is atropine. Monitor EKG, monitor for shortness of breath, low blood pressure (below 90 systolic)
51
Verapamil (Calan) is classified as
Calcium channel blocker, antidysrhythmic
52
Action for Verapamil (Calan)
Causes dilation of coronary arteries and peripheral arteries, decreases heart rate by slowing conduction
53
Side effects for verapamil (Calan)
Swelling, dizziness
54
Teaching for verapamil (Calan)
Pt shouldn't stop suddenly, watch for orthostatic hypotension, alcohol can increase risk of hypotension
55
Adenosine (Adenocard) is classified as
Unclassified
56
Action is Adenosine (Adenocard)
Used to treat super ventricular tachycardias
57
Nurses should know about adenosine (Adenocard)
Short duration of action (few seconds), have pt hooked up to heart monitor, crash cart nearby
58
Atropine is classified as
Acetylcholine antagonist, used to treat symptomatic bradycardia
59
Action of atropine
Suppresses parasympathetic to get sympathetic response
60
Side effects for atropine
Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision
61
Nursing for atropine
Monitor heart rate and vitals
62
Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) is classified as
Thiazide diuretic
63
Action of hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)
Diuresis when renal function is not impaired, prevents reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium
64
Side effects for hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)
Increased urine frequency, potassium depletion, pts can get hypotension and become dehydrated
65
Teaching for hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)
Pt needs to eat foods high in potassium, check blood pressure, daily weights
66
Furosemide (Lasix) is classified as
Loop diuretic
67
Furosemide (Lasix) action
Inhibits sodium and water reabsorption, used when very quick diuresis is desid
68
Side/adverse effects for furosemide (Lasix)
Side: frequent urination, cramps, fatigue | Black box: profound water loss can lead to loss in electrolytes
69
Nursing for furosemide (Lasix)
Monitor vitals, make sure pt has adequate BP, weight daily. Teach pts taking at home to take earlier in day, pts are usually given potassium supplement
70
Spironolactone (aldactone) is classified as
Potassium sparing diuretic
71
Action of spironolactone (aldactone)
Acts on distal tubules to promote sodium and water excretion and spare potassium
72
Side/adverse effects for spironolactone (aldactone)
Side: hypertension, hyperkalemia Adverse: severe hyperkalemia
73
Teaching for spironolactone (aldactone)
Avoid foods high in potassium, teach pts some salt substitutes low in sodium are high in potassium, take medication in morning, follow up on blood pressure and electrolyte checks
74
Mannitol (osmitrol) is classified as
Osmotic diuretic
75
Action for mannitol (osmitrol)
Promotes diuresis, decreases intracranial and intraocular pressure
76
Side/adverse effects for mannitol (osmitrol)
Side: dry mouth Adverse: fluid and electrolyte imbalances
77
Mannitol (osmitrol) teaching
Monitor vitals, weigh daily, look for signs of improvement
78
Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L
Hypokalemia
79
Potassium greater than 5 mEq/L
Hyperkalemia
80
The rhythm contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles, by which blood is driven through the aorta and pulmonary artery after each dilation or diastole
Systole
81
The normal rhythmically occurring relaxation and dilation of the heart chambered, especially the ventricles, during which they fill with blood
Diastole
82
Hormone seated by cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior pituitary for release as necessary; it constricts blood vessels, raising the blood pressure, and increases peristalsis, exerts some influence on the uterus, and influences reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules, resulting in concentration of urine
Antidiuretic hormone
83
Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that is important for maintaining salt and water balance in the body
Aldosterone
84
The regulation of sodium balance, fluid volume, and blood pressure by secretion of renin in response to reduced perfusion of the kidney. Renin hydrolysis a plasma globulin to release angiotensin I, which is rapidly hydrolyzed to angiotensin II, which in turn stimulates aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone brings about sodium retention, water retention, increase in blood pressure, and restoration of renal perfusion, which shuts off the signal for renin release. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, which also increases blood pressure
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
85
Increase in blood pressure such that the systolic pressure is greater than 140 mmHg and the diastolic pressure is greater than 90 mmHg
Hypertension
86
Risk factors for hypertension
Age, race, family history, overweight of obese, physically inactive, smoking
87
Systolic <120 and diastolic <80
Normal BP
88
Systolic 120-139 and diastolic 80-89
Prehypertension
89
Systolic 140-159 and diastolic 90-99
Stage I hypertension
90
Systolic >160 and diastolic 100 or more
Stage II hypertension
91
Captopril (Capoten) is classified as
ACE inhibitor
92
Action for captopril (capoten)
Inhibits formation of angiotensin II and blocks release of aldosterone to lower BP
93
Side/adverse effects for captopril (capoten)
Side: itching, rash, irritating cough Adverse: first dose may cause hypotension
94
Teaching for captopril (capoten)
Take at night, change positions slowly, sometimes combined with diuretic to produce better effect. African Americans do not respond well to drug

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