Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Biology ATAR > PHYL2202 > Flashcards

PHYL2202 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

diffusion (x2 slides)

A

lecture 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ficks law diffusion

A

lecture 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell membrane

A

lecture 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list types of membrane transport

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

know typical concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and protein inside and outside cells

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

extracellular fluid
intracellular fluid

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

channel pore

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

endocytosis
exocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
osmosis
tonicity
vesicle transport

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

aquaporins
gap junctions

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain osmosis and predict osmotic effect of simple solutions on cells

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

explain how an isosmotic solution can be hypotonic

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

calculate osmolarity and osmotic pressure

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

predict the movement of solutes and water into and out of cell given concentration and permeability

A

lecture 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define isosmotic
hyposmotic
hyper osmotic
isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

voltage
current
valance
equilibrium potential
resting membrane potential

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

q=zFn
q=it

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nernst equation

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

calculate equilibrium potentials using nernst

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain how resting membrane potential is generated

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

know typical values for resting membrane potential and potassium equilibrium potential

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

determine from first principles the charge on a cell given ion concentrations and permeability for a single ion

A

lecture 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

use Goldman equation to calculate resting membrane potential

A

lecture 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

use Goldman equation to predict potential when permeability to one or more ions changes

A

lecture 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

use equilibrium potential to predict current flow into or out of cell

A

lecture 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

calculate driving potential for an ion and current from driving potential and conductance

A

lecture 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe how permeability through channels depends on unitary conductance, channel number and opening probabilty

A

lecture 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

sketch an iv curve and explain its features

A

lecture 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
pores
channels
carriers
carrier mediated transport

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

primary and secondary active transport

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

symport and antiport

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

equilibrium and steady state

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe different forms of transport and key features of each

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

explain energy used in transport

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

using sketches show what Km and Jmax are for carriers

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

explain how cells use secondary active transport

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

from a diagram of a cell or pumping epithelia qualitatively describe what the cell is pumping

A

lecture 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

explain how Na/K Atpase maintains ionic gradients and osmotic balance of cells

A

lecture 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

define trans and paracellular transport along with tight junctions

A

lecture 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

define electrogenic potential and explain how they are produced by active transport

A

lecture 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

give examples of transport across epithelia

A

lecture 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

explain the transport of counter ions by electrical potential

A

lecture 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

describe how nutrients are transported across intestine

A

lecture 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

from a diagram of pumping epithelia describe what the cell is transporting

A

lecture 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

list and define divisions of NS

A

lecture 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

identify main components of neuron

A

lecture 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

explain how graded potential acts over short distance

A

lecture 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

describe how summation occurs in neutrons and the role of the axon hillock in generating action potentials

A

lecture 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

differentiate between action and graded potential

A

lecture 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

describe and explain convergence and divergence

A

lecture 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

read simple neural circuit diagrams

A

lecture 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

list and distinguish between the three main types of ion channel

A

lecture 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

explain selectivity of ion channels

A

lecture 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

list the three major conformational stages of voltage gated ion channels

A

lecture 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

give examples of ion channels on their role in transmitting signals

A

lecture 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

describe heterogeneity of ion channels

A

lecture 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

describe general structure of an ion channel

A

lecture 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

explain ionic basis of the action potential

A

lecture 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

describe current flows during an action potential

A

lecture 10

59
Q

explain how membrane potential returns to rest following an action potential

A

lecture 10

60
Q

explain unidirectional propagation and refractory period

A

lecture 10

61
Q

explain how large diameter and myelinated fibres have faster conduction time

A

lecture 10

62
Q

describe cardiac action potential

A

lecture 10

63
Q

explain how action potential can spread through gap junctions in heart and smooth muscle

A

lecture 11

64
Q

describe receptor potentials and synaptic potentials

A

lecture 11

65
Q

explain how stretch gated ion channels can produce an action potential

A

lecture 11

66
Q

define epsp and ipsp

A

lecture 11

67
Q

explain how ligand gated ion channels can produce excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials

A

lecture 11

68
Q

describe summation of synaptic and receptor potentials

A

lecture 11

69
Q

using tendon reflex explain how stretch initiates an AP in the sensory cell and how neurotransmitter release initiates AP in the postsynaptic and post junction cells

A

lecture 11

70
Q

explain function of electrical and chemical synapses

A

lecture 12

71
Q

describe role of voltage gates calcium channels in neurotransmitter release

A

lecture 12

72
Q

list the steps in neurotransmitter release

A

lecture 12

73
Q

describe recycling and release of vesicles
role of SNARE proteins and synaptotagmin

A

lecture 12

74
Q

neurotransmitter
active zone
docked
primed vesicle
synaptic vesicel

A

lecture 12

75
Q

how acetylcholine is recycled at neuromuscular junction

A

lecture 12

76
Q

steps in neurotransmission at neuromuscular junction (motor endplate)

A

lecture 12

77
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A

lecture 13

78
Q

structure of sarcomere

A

lecture 13

79
Q

crossbridge cycle

A

lecture 13

80
Q

role of calcium ions in muscle contration

A

lecture 13

81
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

lecture 13

82
Q

modulation of skeletal muscle contraction (excitation-contraction coupling)
role of TNFa and taurine

A

lecture 14

83
Q

skeletal muscle twitch response

A

lecture 14

84
Q

muscle summation and tetanus

A

lecture 14

85
Q

length tension relationship

A

lecture 14

86
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A

lecture 15

87
Q

cardiac muscle AP

A

lecture 15

88
Q

electrical conduction in the heart

A

lecture 15

89
Q

excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle

A

lecture 15

90
Q

length tension relationship in cardiac muscle

A

lecture 15

91
Q

slow and fast twitch muscle in skeletal

A

lecture 15

92
Q

graded contractions in skeletal muscle

A

lecture 15

93
Q

smooth muscle
phasic muscle
tonic muscle
multi unit muscle
single unit muscle
L type channel

A

lecture 16

94
Q

structure of smooth muscle
how it is linked to other cells
equivalent of sarcomeres in SM

A

lecture 16

95
Q

explain how slow wave spread from the ICC to SM and cause action potentials in gastro intestinal SM

A

lecture 16

96
Q

describe action potentials in gut SM including ionic movements and channels

A

lecture 16

97
Q

describe excitation contraction coupling in gut smooth muscle

A

lecture 16

98
Q

role of calmodulin, myosin light chain kinase, myosin light chain phosphatase in SM contraction

A

lecture 16

99
Q

list the effect and receptor for EACh and NA in gut, blood vessel and airway smooth muscle

A

lecture 16

100
Q

fundamental principles of sensory processing

A

lecture 17

101
Q

how structure of sensory system allows transaction of stimuli to AP

A

lecture 17

102
Q

labelled line concept

A

lecture 17

103
Q

different modalities of somatosensation

A

lecture 17

104
Q

spatial acuity
central convergence and lateral inhibition

A

lecture 17

105
Q

functions of auditory and vestibular systems

A

lecture 18

106
Q

transduction processes in hair cells of inner ear

A

lecture 18

107
Q

how cochlea responds to sound and separates sounds by frequency

A

lecture 18

108
Q

physiological origin of common auditory patholgies

A

lecture 18

109
Q

modes of stimulation of different cellular components of vestibular sytstem

A

lecture 18

110
Q

importance of accessory structures in sensory processing

A

lecture 18

111
Q

understand olfaction and cellular basis underlying olfaction

A

lecture 19

112
Q

explain how organisation of olfaction system allows specific discrimination of odours

A

lecture 19

113
Q

olfactory dysfunctions

A

lecture 19

114
Q

taste and cellular basis underlying taste

A

lecture 19

115
Q

cellular transduction based on different qualities of taste

A

lecture 19

116
Q

interactions between different classes of taste

A

lecture 19

117
Q

how taste can be modulated across different individuals and causes

A

lecture 19

118
Q

cellular basis of phototransduction

A

lecture 20

119
Q

different roles of rods and cones and the mechanism by which colour is encoded

A

lecture 20

120
Q

describe receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells and their significance

A

lecture 20

121
Q

explain key aspects of synaptic processing in the retinal network

A

lecture 20

122
Q

explain spinal reflex pathway

A

lecture 21

123
Q

describe response and main reflex function of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

A

lecture 21

124
Q

role of inhibitory spinal interneurons in motor control

A

lecture 21

125
Q

complex multiple synaptic connection of reflex pathways

A

lecture 21

126
Q

GPCR
cAMP
adenylate cyclase
PKA
HCN
phosphorylase kinase
glycogen phosphorylase

A

lecture 22

127
Q

how GPCR activates G proteins

A

lecture 22

128
Q

G protein subtypes by receptors for EACh, NA, and Adr

A

lecture 22

129
Q

define Gs, Gi, Gq

A

lecture 22

130
Q

pathway from NA/Adr through to HCN explaining how that increases heart rate

A

lecture 22

131
Q

how Adr causes skeletal muscle to break down glycogen into glucose

A

lecture 22

132
Q

compare and contrast signalling using ligand gated ion channels to GPCR

A

lecture 22

133
Q

PKB
MAPK
Katp
GLUT2
GLUT4
PI-3P

A

lecture 23

134
Q

how insulin release is regulated by blood glucose and NA

A

lecture 23

135
Q

5 main classes of catalytic receptors

A

lecture 23

136
Q

kinase
phosphotase
tyrosine kinase
serine/threonin kinase

A

lecture 23

137
Q

how insulin receptors produce glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in muscle through insulin response substrates, PI-3P & PKB

A

lecture 23

138
Q

how insulin alters gene expression through MAPK

A

lecture 23

139
Q

CRH
ACTH
GR
GRE
CRE
GREB

A

lecture 24

140
Q

how CRH causes ACTH release

A

lecture 24

141
Q

how ACTH alters production of cortisol

A

lecture 24

142
Q

how PKA can change gene transcription through cAMP response element binding protein

A

lecture 24

143
Q

how cortisol binding to glucocorticoid receptors changes gene expression

A

lecture 24

144
Q

features of signal pathways

A

lecture 24

Human Biology ATAR (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions