hominids and hominins Flashcards

Question

dentition

Answer 1

primates have deciduous and permanent teeth dental formulas: number of teeth and shape natural selection led to decrease in teeth number -> reduction in face size and jaw that occurred in primates OWM, primates, humans: 2:1:2:3 - > OWM have large canines projecting beyond level of teeth - >diastema: gap between upper canine and incisor to accommodate lower canine so mouth can close to allow for large upper canine: crown of first lower premolar is slanted back with sharp edge -> upper canine fits tight and is sharpened by grinding against premolar 4 cusps upper 5 cusps lower ->evolved due to fruit diet of apes human dentition: canines don't project/interlock - > more similar to incisors - > small teeth take up less jaw space - > thus: dental arcade evolved from u shape to parabolic

Answer 2

non human apes and early homies have increased prognathism and brow ridge trend: teeth size decreased so face flattened, chin developed and prominent nose bipedalism: flatter face shirts weight to central position to allow skull to balance when upright frontal lobe increased: brain occupies larger volume ->cranium extends forward and brow ridge decreased flatter face and noticeable forehead

Answer 3

``` thicker cranium bones smaller cranial capacity heavy brow ridges no/sloping forehead lower cranium less prominent cheekbones saggital crest FM post central larger prognathic jaw heavy thick mandible no chin larger teeth diastema prominent canine incisor and molar size difference narrow pelvis less wedge shaped LV wide ribcage shorter less mobile thumb long curved fingers parallel femurs arms longer ```

Answer 4

``` thinner cranium bones larger cranial capacity reduced brow ridges vertical forehead dome cranium prominent cheekbones no crest central FM flatter face and smaller jaw slender/thinner mandible chin smaller teeth no diastema less prominent canine even teeth broader pelvis wedge shaped LV smaller ribcage longer thumb with increased opposability shorter straight fingers converging femurs arms shorter ```

Answer 5

``` from laetoli footprints: bipedal (varying gait to humans) lateral transmission of weight longitudinal arch parallel big toe ``` canine: short non projecting no diastema, parabolic shape low forehead more projected jaw femur, pelvis, carrying angle more human like non opposable robust big toe rounded skull at the back s shaped spine= upright stance thumb shorter and less mobile than humans ->heavier finger-> better adapted to power grip (arboreal?)

Answer 6

``` afarensis: 430cm^3 2.8-3.9 mya east africa F= 105-110cm, M=150 cm low sloping forehead short sagittal crest for males diastema curved fingers ``` ``` africanus: 457cm^3 2-3.2 mya south africa F= 110cm, M= 135cm slightly arched forehead smaller brow ridge no diastema some curvature of fingers ```

Answer 7

542cm^3 1.2-1.8 mya not ancestor of humans: part of evolutionary branch with no descendants robust jaw and skull F=1m, M= 1.2m large sagittal crest: for attachment of strong chewing muscles large molars and premolars, small incisors and canines less prognathism than australopithecines wide dish shaped face with zygomatic arch heavy brow ridges

Answer 8

``` 590cm^3 1.5-2.3 mya east and South Africa compared to australopithecines: larger brain, smaller teeth->meat in diet, taller, more erect F= 110cm M= 130cm rounder skull smaller brow ridge central FM moderate prognathism parabolic jaw shot legs long arms curved finger bones: strong power grip able to form precision grip -> adept at tool making ```

Answer 9

``` 1004cm^3 first humans to show modern human like body -> life on ground larger brain curve of dental arcade: shorter and rounder at front shorter compact jaw, chin beginning to form modern teeth (similar diet?) use of fire and tools 145-185cm short stocky body with thicker bones low sloping forehead defined brow ridge large thick jaw without chin decrease in molar size ```

Answer 10

Europe, Asia, northern Africa side brach along pathway to modern human ``` 1485cm^3 adapted to colder environments ->big faces - low large skulls - heavy brow ridges - slightly larger brain ``` back of skull drawn in to bun (occipital bun) lacked chin swept back cheeks: streamlined appearance robust but larger brain prognathism: accentuated by way nasal bone protrudes -> larger, wider nose-> adaptation for environment ``` short (M=150cm) ->limbs shorter heavily jointed with powerful muscles more heavily built than humans barrels shaped chest thick neck muscles ``` large skull with large brain -> extra brain capacity for control of extra muscles

Answer 11

``` Cro magnon: first anatomically modern people in Europe 40 000 to 12 000 ya member of our species - shorter skulls and higher - rounded skull - less prominent brow ridge - reduced face projection - smaller jaw - chin developed - broad and short face - eye sockets well separated large brain, hunter gatherers ``` 1350cm^3

Answer 12

``` neanderthals: 28 000 - 300 000 ya shorter more robust wider shoulders F: 156cm, M: 168cm long low brain case occipital bun thick brown ridge receding foreheads elongated skull flared zygomatic arch depression at back of skull for neck muscle attachment shorter thicker limbs with large joints large robust prognathic jaw lacking chin large teeth barrel shaped ribcage ``` ``` sapiens: 300 000 to present short slender trunks long limbs F: 160 cm, M: 175cm short base high brain case short jaw bony chin Long leg with short arms straight fingers and toes less barrel shaped ribcage ```

Answer 13

anything that is learnt cultural development is important to overcome environmental challenges cultural evolution: gradual improvement in culture, overcoming environmental and other challenges

Answer 14

HOME bases no fire use evidence ``` pebble tools (choppers, scrapers, flakes, chisels) required precision grip 2.5mya tools marked start of cultural evolution -> allowed them to exploit more habitats ```

Answer 15

used oldowan tools -> sharpened by striking one rock to another (skinning animals, chopping meat, breaking open bones, crushing plants, digging edible plant roots) hunter gatherers: diet consisted of plant materials, supplementing meat -> provided complex fats for brain growth -> worked in groups with specific roles: food brought back was shared bulge of Broca (speech production area): pressure to speak spoken language. rudimentary speech -> larynx not capable of making complex sounds both hunter and scavenger: shown by recovered bones with cuts made by stone tools

Answer 16

trend: becoming more independent of environment tools: tear drop shaped. flaked around edges to forms bi faced lumps: used as hand axes found in France (stone and bone) organised: logical thought and working together more systematic tool use: increased commitment to meat eating FIRE mutual cooperation needed to create complex society

Answer 17

kept predators away at night warmth light at night used to stampede animals important for migration during ice age enabled cooking of food: increased food range by improving flavour and digestibility -> made food safe to eat (destroyed parasites)

Answer 18

trend: becoming more independent of environment MOUSTERIAN: production of stone flakes trimmed to form various cutting, scraping, piercing and gouging tools - LEVALLOIS technique: piece of stone trimmed to disc shape, struck by another stone to produce flakes that were flat on one side and had sharp edges - > slow labour intensive, required planning and foresight (significant development of foresight) flake tools joined to handle/spear/arrow by hafting increased brain capacity due to increased importance of meat flake tools enabled those living in colder climates to become good clothe makers buried their dead: ceremonial burial, spirituality

Answer 19

finer baldes, projectile weapons ~40 000 modern humans moved to Europe -> brought clothes and shelter -> helped survive winter AURIGNACIAN: blades made by removing long, flat rectangles from the core stone, easy to handles, effective in cutting SOLUTREAN: willow leaf, laurel leaf points. - > made by carefully retouching blades produced from original stone core by pressure flaking - > for aesthetics MAGDALENIAN: bone and antler > flint and stone for tools and art - > made by using a burin, chisel like cutter (tool used for making other tools) - > burin: blade shaped so it had a sharp cutting point - bone and antler and ivory cut to make orange of tools from fine needles to barbed spear points and spear throwers

Answer 20

- increased manipulation of materials - increased complexity of tools - greater variety of materials being used to make tools - improved workmanship and development of equipment needed to make tools - increased specialisation of tools

Answer 21

olduvai Africa. 2.6-1.7 mya. st acheul France, 1.7-200 000 Le moustier France. 200 000- 40 000 Aurignac France. 43 000-26 000 Solutre France. 22 000- 19000 Le madeleine France. 18000-12000

hominids and hominins Flashcards

(45 cards)