Physio II Lecture 4

Question 1

the Primary somatosensory are is made up of?

Answer 1

Brodmann’s Areas 1, 2, & 3

Question 2

the Somatosensory ASSOCIATION area is made up?

Answer 2

Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7

Question 3

Bilateral excision in Somatosensory area I results in Astereognosis. A term that describes one’s loss of ability to do what?

Answer 3

judge shapes or forms

Question 4

a Bilateral cut in the Somatosensory area I will preserve these senses but they will be poorly localized

Answer 4

Pain and Temperature

Question 5

Removal of somatosensory II has no apparent effect on the response of neurons in?

Answer 5

Somatosensory area I

Question 6

The somatosensory area II (SSAII) receives signals from?

Answer 6

1. Brain stem, transmitted Up and bilaterally2. secondarily from SSAII (somatosensory area II) 3. Visual, Auditory, and other sensory areas

Question 7

these layers of the Somatosensory cortex send information through the corpus callosum to the opposite hemisphere

Answer 7

layers II and III

Question 8

the Superficial layers of the SS cortex function in?

Answer 8

receiving input signals from lower brain centers

Question 9

Axons from layer VI in the SS cortex project into this part of the Brain

Answer 9

Thalamus

Question 10

large neurons from this layer in the SS cortex project to distant areas such as basal nuclei, brain stem, and spinal cord

Answer 10

layer V

Question 11

Receptor potentials are created in response to membrane deformation caused by touch or pressure that will open these channels

Answer 11

Modality gated sodium channels

Question 12

if the receptor potential is strong enough, through Summation, it may generate an action potential at the first?

Answer 12

Node of Ranvier on the primary sensory neuron

Question 13

Primary neurons are?

Answer 13

first order neurons. they originate from peripheral receptors and enter the spinal cord or brain via Dorsal roots of spinal/cranial nerves

Question 14

Primary neurons synapse in the spinal cord with?

Answer 14

secondary neurons

Question 15

the cell bodies of Primary neurons are located in the?

Answer 15

Dorsal root ganglia

Question 16

these neurons originate in spinal cord gray matter, travel through myelinated columns in the spinal cord, decussate, and synapse in the thalamus with Tertiary neurons

Answer 16

Secondary neurons

Question 17

Tertiary neurons travel through internal capsule, which is a myelinated pathway between thalamus and basal nuclei, to synapse in?

Answer 17

the somatosensory cortex

Question 18

this touch refers to the ability to distinguish two separate points as close as 2mm apart.

Answer 18

Two-Point Discrimination

Question 19

two Point discrimination travels in the?

Answer 19

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

Question 20

why is Lateral inhibition important in the Cerebral cortex?

Answer 20

blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals, thereby increasing the degree of contrast in the cerebral cortex

Question 21

Lateral inhibition occurs at these three sites

Answer 21

Dorsal Column nuclei
Ventrobasal nuclei of thalamus
somatosensory cortex

Question 22

Peripheral sensory neurons originate from?

Answer 22

receptors in the periphery

Question 23

the Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal pathway also carries these neurons

Answer 23

Primary neurons

Question 24

Axons from the lower limbs travel in the medial portions of the two dorsal columns called the?

Answer 24

fasciculus Gracilis

Question 25

axons from the Upper limbs travel in the lateral portions of the two dorsal columns called the?

Answer 25

fasciculus Cuneatus

Question 26

axons in the fasciculus gracilis synapse in the lower medulla in the?

Answer 26

Nucleus gracilis

Question 27

axons in the fasciculus cuneatus synapse in the lower medulla in the?

Answer 27

Nucleus cuneatus

Question 28

Secondary neurons travel through the brain stem as paired tracts referred to as the?

Answer 28

medial lemniscus

Question 29

Secondary neurons synapse in this part of the brain with Tertiary neurons

Answer 29

basolateral nucleus of the Thalamus

Question 30

Decussation occurs with these neurons

Answer 30

Secondary

Question 31

primary sensory neurons travel (up/down) through dorsal columns of spinal cord into (upper/lower) Medulla and synapsing with _____ in the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus of the medulla

Answer 31

uplowerSecondary neurons

Question 32

Secondary neurons ascend up the brainstem to the?

Answer 32

Thalamus

Question 33

tertiary neurons synapse with secondary neurons in the Thalamus and travel to?

Answer 33

Somatosensory cortex

Question 34

Nociceptors are what type of receptor

Answer 34

pain receptor

Question 35

Fast pain is carried by?

Answer 35

A-Delta pain fibers

Question 36

A-delta pain fibers typically terminate in____ of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

Answer 36

Lamina I marginalis

Question 37

Slow pain is carried by?

Answer 37

C type fibers

Question 38

This type of pain is described as aching, slow burning, throbbing, nauseous, and chronic

Answer 38

Slow pain

Question 39

Slow pain terminates in____of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

Answer 39

Layers II and III (Substantia gelatinosa)

Question 40

Nerve fiber type C is classified as sensory nerve? and associated with this motor function

Answer 40

IV-sympathetic

Question 41

which path does Pain travel?

Answer 41

Anterolateral pathway

Question 42

anterolateral pain pathway is made up of?

Answer 42

Secondary fibers that decussate

Question 43

fast pain fibers make up these tracts and synapse/terminate in the Ventrobasal nuclei of the Thalamus

Answer 43

Neospinothalamic

Question 44

slow pain fibers make up this pathway

Answer 44

Paleospinothalamic

Question 45

A-delta fibers of the fast pain path use this amino acid as their Neurotransmitter

Answer 45

Glutamate

Question 46

where do most paleospinothalamic secondary fibers terminate?

Answer 46

throughout the brain stem, but some pass all the way to the thalamus.

Question 47

C type slow fibers release substance P faster than Glutamate. T or F?

Answer 47

false, substance P is released more slowly while Glutamate acts instantaneously

Question 48

What occurs as the result of a Hemisection of the spinal cord?

Answer 48

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Question 49

All ____ functions are blocked on the side of the transection in all segments (above or Below) the level of the transection

Answer 49

Motor, below

Question 50

In Brown-Sequard Syndrome, which sensations are lost?

Answer 50

pain, heat, and cold in the Spinothalamic pathway are lost on the opposite side of the body in Dermatomes 2-6 segments below the transection level.

Question 51

Can you lose two-point discrimination in Brown-Sequard Syndrome?

Answer 51

yes, on the side of the transection in all dermatomes below the transection

Question 52

Periaquaductal Gray and Periventricular regions of Brainstem and third ventricleRaphe magnus nucleus and reticular nuclei in MedullaPAIN inhibitory complex in dorsal horns of spinal cord.are three major components of this System

Answer 52

The Analgesia System

Question 53

What type of neuron is from the Nucleus raphe magnus?

Answer 53

Serotonergic neuron

Question 54

What are the three types of receptors that Discriminate thermal gradations

Answer 54

cold, warmth, and Pain

Question 55

Warmth nerve endings are mainly transmitted by?

Answer 55

C type Fibers

Question 56

Cold receptors are more numerous than warm nerve receptors and transmitted by?

Answer 56

small, type A-delta myelinated endings.

Question 57

Thermal signals are transmitted in pathways parallel to?

Answer 57

pain signals

Question 58

cold and warmth receptors are thought to be stimulated by changes in?

Answer 58

metabolic rates

Question 59

Heat pain receptors kick in around 45 degrees celsius and send how many impulses per second?

Answer 59

10

Question 60

cold receptors stop sending signals at what temp?

Answer 60

right before heat pain receptors kick in. ~45 celsius

Question 61

this pain type occurs when visceral pain fibers are stimulated and stimulate some of the pain fibers that conduct pain signals from the skin.

Answer 61

Referred pain

Question 62

All visceral pain from the Thoracic and abdominal cavities is transmitted by?

Answer 62

C type pain fibers

Question 63

Severe Referred pain results when there is diffuse stimulation of pain nerve endings throughout the viscera caused by such things as?

Answer 63

Ischemia- a restriction of blood supply to tissues. usually from thrombosis and can lead to Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) or Cerebrovascular attack (Stroke)

Question 64

Ascending tracts are designated on which side?

Answer 64

the RIGHT

Question 65

descending tracts are designated on which side?

Answer 65

the LEFT

Question 66

Spinothalamic is a descending or ascending tract?

Answer 66

ascending. going from the SPINE to the Thalamus. see the word roots? should help you figure it out.

Question 67

the result of pain referred to the surface of the head from deep head structures are called?

Answer 67

Headaches

Question 68

The Brain is Insensitive to pain. True or False

Answer 68

true. so don't poke it! the reason why Brain surgery is performed while the patient is under a light Anesthesia for the skin and skull

Question 69

What are the three areas of Headache?

Answer 69

Cerebral VaultNasal sinus and eyeBrain stem and Cerebellar vault

Question 70

esophogeal pain or Gastric reflex can be referred pain for what other major event?

Answer 70

a Heart problem- possibly heart attack