Population Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is vital registration?
A
A dynamic aspect of population data monitoring births and deaths daily.
2
Q
Since when has vital registration been compulsory in the UK?
A
Since 1847.
3
Q
What events are required to be registered under vital registration?
A
Births, still-births, deaths, and marriages.
4
Q
How long does one typically have to register a birth in Northern Ireland?
A
Within 42 days.
5
Q
Where is information for birth registration often collected?
A
Within the maternity ward of the hospital.
6
Q
What can parents pick up from the General Register Office for Northern Ireland (GRONI)?
A
A birth or adoption certificate.
7
Q
How soon should a death be registered?
A
As soon as possible and no later than 5 days from the date of occurrence.
8
Q
Fill in the blank: Registration of deaths should occur no later than _______.
A
5 days from the date of occurrence.
9
Q
What is a major issue regarding data collection in LEDCs?
A
Management and quality of data collection
10
Q
How do literacy levels affect census completion in LEDCs?
A
Poor education rates mean few can read and write, affecting their ability to complete forms
11
Q
What challenges do nomadic tribes pose for census collection?
A
They can be difficult to find and may migrate across international boundaries
12
Q
Which country is mentioned as having logistical challenges for collecting information from pastoral communities?
A
Kenya
13
Q
What makes census organization difficult in large countries like India?
A
The presence of countless scattered villages
14
Q
What is a characteristic of populations in shanty towns that complicates census analysis?
A
Transient population
15
Q
What financial issue do many LEDCs face regarding census tasks?
A
They do not have enough money to spend on such tasks
16
Q
What mapping issue can affect census accuracy in LEDCs?
A
Incomplete mapping can lead to households being left out
17
Q
What environmental factor can hinder access for enumerators during census collection?
A
Seasonal rains or weather patterns
18
Q
In some areas of the Middle East, what cultural trait affects census interviews?
A
Male enumerators are not permitted to interview women
19
Q
What language challenge is faced in Cameroon regarding census data collection?
A
There are more than 30 different language groups
20
Q
What lack of awareness can complicate age reporting in some populations?
A
Some people are not aware of their age due to lack of reference
21
Q
What is the crude birth rate?
A
The number of live births each year per 1,000 of the population in an area.
This measure helps to understand population growth.
22
Q
What is the crude death rate?
A
The number of deaths each year per 1,000 of the population in an area.
This statistic is essential for analyzing population decline.
23
Q
What does the total fertility rate represent?
A
The number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive lifetime (15-49) based on the current birth rates.
This rate is critical for predicting future population trends.
24
Q
What is the replacement rate?
A
When there are enough children born to balance the number of people who have died.
The replacement rate is crucial for maintaining population stability.
25
What does the infant mortality rate measure?
The number of deaths per 1,000 children (infants) born, in the first year of their life in a given year.
## Footnote
This rate is an important indicator of the health and well-being of a population.
26
What happens in Stage 1, 2 and 3 of the DTM?
27
What happens in Stage 4 and 5 of the DTM?
28
Explain what happens in Stage 1 of the DTM to Great Britain in (1750-1800)?
29
Explain what happens in Stage 2 of the DTM to Great Britain in (1800-1880)?
30
Explain what happens in Stage 3 of the DTM to Great Britain in (1880-1950)?
31
Explain what happens in Stage 4 of the DTM to Great Britain in 1950 to present?
32
Explain what happens in Stage 5 of the DTM to a few MEDCs (Italy and Russia)?
33
What is a limitation of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
The DTM cannot be easily applied to every population change.
34
What recent trend has been observed in many LEDCs concerning death and birth rates?
A huge fall in both the death rate and the birth rate.
35
How does the DTM make the demographic distinction between MEDC and LEDC more difficult?
The recent fall in death and birth rates in LEDCs is starting to blur the lines between MEDCs and LEDCs.
36
What is a criticism of the DTM regarding its geographical focus?
The model is eurocentric, based on the experiences of European MEDCs.
37
How do LEDCs differ from MEDCs in their progression through the DTM?
Many LEDC countries are moving through the stages at a much faster rate.
38
What assumption does the DTM make about death rates in Stage 2?
That death rates fall due to industrialisation.
39
What factors have affected death and birth rates in many LEDCs, contrary to the DTM's assumptions?
Political intervention, economic investment by richer countries, or aid/relief organisations.
40
What is the Epidemiological Transition?
A theory that studies how countries transition from being dominated by infectious diseases to chronic diseases.
41
Who put forward the theory of the Epidemiological Transition?
Abel Oman in 1971.
42
What primarily drives the changes described in the Epidemiological Transition?
The continued improvement and expansion of public health and sanitation systems.
43
What does the Epidemiological Transition model have similarities with?
The Demographic Transition Model (DT'M).
44
Fill in the blank: The Epidemiological Transition allows geographers to study how countries move from _______ diseases to _______ diseases.
infectious; chronic
45
True or False: The Epidemiological Transition focuses solely on infectious diseases.
False.
46
What is Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition?
The age of pestilence and famine, characterized by very high death rates due to infectious diseases
## Footnote
Common diseases include chicken pox, small pox, measles, tuberculosis, and influenza. Life expectancies are between 20 and 30 years.
47
What are the main causes of death in Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition?
Infectious diseases
## Footnote
These diseases are sometimes referred to as exogenetic, as they are not linked to genetic factors.
48
What is the life expectancy in Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition?
Between 20 and 30 years
49
What is Stage 2 of the epidemiological transition?
The age of receding pandemics, where death rates begin to fall
## Footnote
Developments in medical science and sanitation help control infectious diseases.
50
How does life expectancy change in Stage 2 of the epidemiological transition?
Increases from 30 to 50 years
51
What is Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition?
The age of degenerative and man-made diseases
## Footnote
This stage sees a decline in mortality rates and an increase in life expectancies.
52
What types of diseases become the main causes of death in Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition?
Degenerative or endogenetic diseases
## Footnote
Examples include Alzheimer's, heart disease, strokes, and cancer.
53
How do modern healthcare advancements impact life expectancy in Stage 3?
They allow people to live longer
54
What is the typical life expectancy in Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition?
Approaches stability at a low level
55
Which types of countries are more likely to be in Stage 1 or Stage 2 of the epidemiological transition?
Less economically developed countries (LEDCs)
56
Which types of countries are more likely to be in Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition?
More economically developed countries (MEDCs)
## Footnote
Increased spending on health and medical care contributes to the shift.
57
True or False: In Stage 2, life expectancies decrease.
False
58
Fill in the blank: In Stage 1, the causes of death are mainly ______.
infectious diseases
59
Fill in the blank: The age of ______ and ______ diseases characterizes Stage 3.
degenerative, man-made
60
What does the Epidemiological Transition model illustrate?
Changes in the cause of death for a particular country
61
True or False: The change in causes of death during the 20th century is universally accepted.
False
62
What is the primary change observed in the Epidemiological Transition model?
Replacement of infectious diseases by chronic diseases
63
What factors contribute to the changes in mortality rates according to the model?
Transitions in society, sanitation, access to medicine, improved diagnosis of illness
64
How has the mortality rate in LEDCs changed in recent years?
Fallen rapidly due to the intervention of aid agencies and intergovernmental organizations
65
What is an example of a LEDC with a low death rate?
Kenya (9 per 1,000)
66
Fill in the blank: Many LEDCs now have death rates lower than _______.
[MEDCs]
67
What is expected to happen to the death rate in LEDCs as their youthful population ages?
It is expected that the death rate will increase again
68
What is the optimum population of an area?
The number of people which, when working with all of the available resources, will return the highest standard of living and quality of life.
69
What happens to the standard of living if the population increases or decreases from the optimum?
The standard of living will fall.
70
What is overpopulation?
Overpopulation is when there are too many people relative to the resources and technology available to maintain an adequate standard of living.
71
Which countries are cited as examples of overpopulated regions?
Bangladesh and Ethiopia.
72
What are some issues faced by overpopulated countries?
Insufficient food, minerals, water supply, energy resources, and natural disasters such as drought or famine.
73
What is underpopulation?
Underpopulation is when there are far more resources available in an area than the number of people living there.
74
Which countries are examples of underpopulated regions?
Canada and Australia.
75
What is a characteristic of underpopulated countries?
High levels of food production, energy, or minerals available for the population.
76
What potential exists if the population in underpopulated countries increases?
The standards of living could further improve.
77
What is carrying capacity?
The largest population that the environment of an area can actually support with reference to the resources available.
78
Who initially raised the idea that a country could become overpopulated?
Thomas Malthus
## Footnote
His essay 'The Principle of Population' was published in 1798.
79
What is the core statement of Malthus' theory?
'The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to produce subsistence for man.'
## Footnote
Malthus emphasized the difference in growth rates between population and food supply.
80
How does Malthus describe the rate of population increase compared to subsistence increase?
Population increases in a geometrical ratio; subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.
81
What does Malthus predict will happen at the 'crisis point'?
A finite number of people that a country could actually sustain would be reached, leading to various checks.
82
What is Malthus' view on the dangers of overpopulation?
He has a pessimistic view and claims that food supply is the main limit to population growth.
83
What societal conditions were prevalent during Malthus' time?
Food supply issues, inadequate resources, and clothing were common, alongside rapid growth of English towns due to the Industrial Revolution.
84
What are the three types of preventive or negative checks noted by Malthus?
* Misery: impact of disease, famine, and war
* Vice: dangers of family planning and promiscuity
* Moral restraint: delayed marriage and abstinence
85
What does Malthus mean by 'misery' in the context of population control?
The impact of disease, famine, war, and all causes that shorten human life.
86
What does Malthus warn against regarding 'vice'?
He warns against the dangers of practising any kind of family planning, believing it leads to promiscuity.
87
What does Malthus advocate for under 'moral restraint'?
Delayed marriage and abstinence from sexual relations within marriage.
88
What is a positive check according to Malthus?
A factor that increases mortality, such as low standards of living and unhealthy conditions leading to disease, famine, and war.
89
Draw the balance of Malthus’ and Boserup’s theory?
90
Who introduced a more optimistic view of the balance between population and resources in 1965?
Ester Boserup
## Footnote
Ester Boserup's essay is titled 'The Conditions of Agricultural Growth'.
91
What did Boserup argue was a catalyst for innovation?
Population growth
## Footnote
Boserup noted that 'necessity is the mother of invention'.
92
According to Boserup, what happens when population reaches the carrying capacity?
Human innovation responds to the challenge
## Footnote
This may involve developing substitutes or improving agricultural technology.
93
What historical events do some geographers cite as examples of innovation resulting from conflict or shortages?
The Second World War and food shortages in India
## Footnote
These events led to the Green Revolution.
94
Fill in the blank: Boserup believed that the pressure of population growth stimulated _______.
[human innovation]
95
True or False: Boserup claimed that the misery outlined by Malthus had come to pass.
False
## Footnote
Boserup argued that much of the misery had not come to pass.
96
What does Malthus's theory suggest about overpopulation?
Overpopulation and lack of resources caused food shortages/famines in Ireland, Africa, and China.
97
What is one consequence of overgrazing according to Malthus?
Soil erosion and desertification in Sub-Saharan Africa.
98
According to Malthus, what causes conflict in some parts of the world?
Conflict over resources such as water, gold, and diamonds.
99
What significant agricultural development occurred in the 1950s according to Boserup?
The Green Revolution led to a technological revolution in agriculture and produced new high-yielding crops.
100
How have new technologies impacted agriculture according to Boserup?
New technology and inventions have increased the capacity and effectiveness of agriculture.
101
What role do global charity organizations play in agriculture?
They are investing in global investment programs to support agriculture.
102
What is a criticism of Boserup's theory regarding population sustainability?
The theory is too simplistic; population sustainability is more complicated.
103
How does globalization complicate agricultural issues according to Boserup?
Richer countries import food to support their lack of agricultural produce.
104
What is a key observation about food availability in many countries?
Many countries actually have surplus food rather than a deficit.
105
According to Boserup, what is the wider issue regarding food?
The fair distribution of resources.
106
What is a limitation of Boserup's theory concerning community?
It is based on a 'closed community', which is very unlikely in the global community.
107
How does international migration affect resource pressure during crises?
People move and relieve the pressure on the source area.
108
What are marginal areas according to the evaluation of theories?
Areas like semi-arid desert that can never be improved and where desertification is increasing.
109
What are pro-natalist policies?
Policies aimed at increasing the population and fertility rates. Used in Nazi Germany in the 1940’s to increase the “Aryan” race.
## Footnote
Pro-natalist policies may include financial incentives for families to have more children, parental leave policies, and support for child care.
110
What are anti-natalist policies?
Policies which aim to slow down the fertility rate. Used in China’s (One Child Policy) 1970s - 2016.
## Footnote
Anti-natalist policies may include family planning programs, contraception access, and education about population control.
