Development Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What is the main issue with defining ‘development’?
A
There is no agreed definition for ‘development’
This lack of consensus leads to varying interpretations of what constitutes development.
2
Q
What do most geographers consider when studying development?
A
The quality of life for people living in a particular area
This includes various factors such as wealth, aid, healthcare, education, poverty, infrastructure, political landscape, economics, and environment.
3
Q
What are some factors that influence the quality of life in development studies?
A
- Wealth
- Aid
- Healthcare
- Education
- Poverty
- Infrastructure
- Political landscape
- Economics
- Environment
These factors are critical in assessing the level of development in a region.
4
Q
How many indicators does the World Bank note for analyzing differences between countries?
A
298 separate indicators
These indicators facilitate the analysis of development disparities across nations.
5
Q
What has opened up between the rich MEDCs and the poorer LEDCs over the last 200 years?
A
A ‘development gap’
MEDCs stands for More Economically Developed Countries, while LEDCs stands for Less Economically Developed Countries.
6
Q
What does gross national product (per capita) or gross national income measure?
A
The total economic value of all goods and services provided in a country through a year, divided by the number of people living in that country.
7
Q
In what currency is GNP per capita typically calculated for comparisons?
A
US dollars.
8
Q
What does a higher GNP indicate about a country?
A
The country is more developed.
9
Q
Which country currently has the highest GNI per person?
A
Qatar ($87,030 per person).
10
Q
Which country has the lowest GNI per person?
A
Democratic Republic of the Congo ($350 per person).
11
Q
What is one positive issue of using GNP per capita for comparison?
A
The comparison between countries is easy to understand.
12
Q
What is another positive issue regarding GNP per capita?
A
It gives a baseline of the amount of money in dollars per head of population earned within the country.
13
Q
What simplifies global comparisons when using GNP per capita?
A
Using a common currency as a benchmark.
14
Q
What is one negative issue in calculating GNP per capita?
A
Working out how much money is earned within a country in a year is increasingly complicated.
15
Q
How can changes in currency rates affect GNP per capita?
A
1 dollar in one country might not buy the same amount of food as 1 dollar in another country.
16
Q
Fill in the blank: The real purchasing power of money can vary from one place to another due to _______.
A
changes in currency rates.
17
Q
What is the problem with wealth distribution when using GNI?
A
Wealth may not be distributed equally
18
Q
What does the percentage of people employed in primary activities indicate?
A
It indicates how developed a country is.
19
Q
Which sectors are associated with more developed countries?
A
Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors.
20
Q
What percentage of the UK population works in agriculture?
A
Around 2%.
21
Q
What percentage of the Vietnamese population works in agriculture?
A
73%.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: A rich, more developed country is likely to have more people working in the _______ sector.
A
[secondary, tertiary, and quaternary]
23
Q
True or False: The workforce in a developed country is primarily employed in the primary sector.
A
False.
24
Q
What are social measures of development used for?
A
To assess how well a country is developing in areas that affect people directly, such as healthcare, education, and diet.
25
How do social measures of development indicate quality of life?
They help to indicate the quality of life of individual people in a country.
26
What is a good example of a measure of healthcare?
Life expectancy.
27
What factors can affect life expectancy?
Wars, disease, and natural disasters.
28
What is the general rule regarding life expectancy and a country's development?
The higher the life expectancy, the more developed a country is.
29
What is the life expectancy in the UK?
81 years.
30
What is the life expectancy in Chad?
48 years.
31
What does the infant mortality rate measure?
The number of children who die before they reach the age of 1 (from every 1,000 live births, per year).
32
What does the infant mortality rate help determine?
The quality of ante- and post-natal services in a country.
33
What is the infant mortality rate in the UK?
Around 6 per 1,000 live births per year.
34
What is the infant mortality rate in Sierra Leone?
195 per 1,000 live births per year.
35
What are positive issues regarding life expectancy and infant mortality rates?
* Easy to calculate
* Depend on good vital registration data
* Allow direct comparison with other countries
36
What are negative issues regarding life expectancy and infant mortality rates?
* Not all countries have robust methods for recording vital registration data
* Information may be inaccurate in very poor countries
* Variation in funding for health issues may not reflect the overall state of healthcare
37
True or False: Higher investment in healthcare generally leads to lower infant mortality rates.
True.
38
Fill in the blank: The infant mortality rate is measured per _______ live births, per year.
1,000.
39
What is one social measure of education?
The adult literacy rate
40
How is the adult literacy rate defined?
The percentage of the adult population that is able to read and write
41
What is the adult literacy rate in the UK?
Over 99% of adults have learned to read and write
42
What is the adult literacy rate in Somalia?
Around 24% of adults have achieved literacy
43
True or False: In most MEDCs, the adult literacy rate is below 50%.
False
44
What are the three measures used to calculate HDI?
* Life expectancy (a social measure)
* Education (mean number of years of schooling - a social measure)
* Gross national income per capita (an economic measure)
45
True or False: HDI includes only economic measures.
False
46
Fill in the blank: The HDI includes life expectancy, education, and _______.
gross national income per capita
47
What type of measure is life expectancy in the context of HDI?
A social measure
48
What type of measure is education in the context of HDI?
A social measure
49
What type of measure is gross national income per capita in the context of HDI?
An economic measure
50
What does the HDI take into account?
Both social and economic data, including health and education figures
## Footnote
This makes HDI a more rounded and realistic measure compared to solely social or economic indicators.
51
How often is the HDI updated?
Annually
## Footnote
This allows countries to monitor their development progress and smooth out fluctuations from year to year.
52
What is a criticism of the wealth component in the HDI?
Wealth has too much importance and can adversely influence country rankings
## Footnote
This suggests that the HDI may not fully reflect the development status of a country.
53
What do critics argue about the HDI's approach to measuring development?
It is too simplified and does not include other important factors
## Footnote
Factors such as markets, industry, or environmental issues are suggested to provide a more comprehensive picture.
54
What does the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) measure?
Life expectancy at year 1, infant mortality rate, and basic literacy rate
## Footnote
Each factor has equal weighting in the index.
55
What is the range of values for the PQLI?
0 to 100
## Footnote
Countries are ranked accordingly based on their PQLI scores.
56
Why was the PQLI originally developed?
As an alternative to GNP
## Footnote
However, the UN HDI became more widely used over time.
57
What is a criticism of the PQLI?
The three strands of the measure are similar and depend on each other
## Footnote
A low life expectancy indicates poor healthcare spending, leading to high infant mortality and low literacy rates.
58
What year did leaders of 189 nations agree on the Millennium Development Goals?
2000
## Footnote
This marked a significant global commitment to address extreme poverty.
59
What was the main purpose of the Millennium Development Goals?
To free fellow men, women, and children from extreme poverty
## Footnote
This involves improving living conditions and future prospects.
60
How many goals were established under the Millennium Development Goals?
Eight goals
## Footnote
These goals included 23 specific targets.
61
What was the target year for achieving the Millennium Development Goals?
2015
## Footnote
The goals aimed to improve the lives of over 1 billion people by this year.
62
Fill in the blank: The Millennium Development Goals aimed to improve the lives of more than _______ people.
1 billion
63
True or False: The Millennium Development Goals include 23 goals.
False
## Footnote
There are eight goals with 23 specific targets.
64
What type of conditions did the Millennium Development Goals aim to address?
Abject and dehumanising conditions of extreme poverty
65
State the 8 MDGs?
66
What was the extreme poverty rate in LEDCs in 1990?
Over half of the population lived on less than $1.25 a day
67
What percentage of the population in LEDCs lived on less than $1.25 a day in 2015?
14%
68
How many workers were living below the poverty line in 2015?
Around 300 million
69
What was the decline in the number of people living in extreme poverty from 1990 to 2015?
From 1.9 billion to 836 million
70
How many people have been lifted out of extreme poverty since 1990?
More than 1 billion
71
How many people are still living in extreme poverty as of 2015?
Over 800 million
72
What percentage of the workforce was living on more than $4 a day in 2015?
50%
73
What was the percentage of undernourished people in LEDCs in 1990?
23.3%
74
What was the percentage of undernourished people in LEDCs in 2015?
12.9%
75
How many people are estimated to remain undernourished as of 2015?
About 795 million
76
What was the primary school enrolment rate for LEDCs in 2015?
91%
77
What was the primary school enrolment rate for LEDCs in 2000?
83%
78
How many children were not in school in 2000?
100 million
79
How many children were not in school in 2015?
57 million
80
Which region noted the biggest improvement in primary education from 2000 to 2015?
Sub-Saharan Africa
81
By how much did net enrolments in Sub-Saharan Africa rise between 2000 and 2015?
20%
82
What was the global literacy rate among young adults aged 15-24 in 1990?
83%
83
What was the global literacy rate among young adults aged 15-24 in 2015?
91%
84
Children in the poorest households in LEDCs are how many times more likely to be out of school compared to those in richer households?
Four times
85
What is the main purpose of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?
To end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.
## Footnote
Adopted by the UN on 25 September 2015.
86
How long is the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development intended to last?
15 years.
87
What does the UN General Assembly aim to free the human race from?
The tyranny of poverty and want.
88
What are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also known as?
The Global Goals.
89
What do the 169 targets associated with the SDGs aim to achieve?
To complete what the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) did not achieve and end all forms of poverty.
90
True or False: The SDGs call for action from all countries.
True.
91
What is one unique aspect of the new goals compared to previous initiatives?
They call for action from all countries while also protecting the planet.
92
Fill in the blank: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by the UN on _______.
25 September 2015.
93
What is the relationship between the SDGs and the MDGs?
The SDGs build on the success of the MDGs.
94
What is the ultimate aim of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?
To shift the world onto a new sustainable and resilient path.
95
What is the primary focus of the SDGs?
Implementation of goals through financial resources, capacity-building, and technology
## Footnote
The SDGs emphasize practical measures for achieving their objectives.
96
What rights do the Global Goals aim to realize?
Human rights for all
## Footnote
This includes ensuring equality and empowerment.
97
What are the three key areas the SDGs focus on?
Economic, social, and environmental factors
## Footnote
These areas are essential for sustainable development.
98
What is the UN's goal regarding poverty and hunger?
To end poverty and hunger in all its forms
## Footnote
This is part of the objective to ensure dignity and equality for all.
99
What does the 'Planet' goal emphasize?
Protecting the planet from degradation
## Footnote
This includes sustainable consumption, management of natural resources, and urgent climate action.
100
What is the aim of the 'Prosperity' goal?
To ensure all humans can lead prosperous and fulfilling lives
## Footnote
Economic, social, and technological progress must occur in harmony with nature.
101
What does the 'Peace' goal promote?
Fostering peaceful, just, and inclusive societies
## Footnote
It highlights the interdependence of peace and sustainable development.
102
What is the purpose of the 'Partnership' goal?
To mobilize means required for implementing the agenda
## Footnote
This includes establishing a renewed Global Partnership for Sustainable Development.
103
Fill in the blank: The SDGs are designed to stimulate action over the next ______ years.
15
## Footnote
The timeline for achieving the SDGs is set for 15 years.
104
What does globalisation refer to?
The world becoming more interconnected and interdependent
## Footnote
Globalisation encompasses economic, cultural, political, and social dimensions.
105
How has technology influenced globalisation?
It has increased connectivity among people around the world
## Footnote
Developments in technology facilitate communication and information sharing.
106
What role does the internet play in globalisation?
It enhances global connectivity and interdependence
## Footnote
The internet allows for real-time communication and access to information across borders.
107
How is globalisation evident in trade?
Goods and services can now be easily and quickly moved from one part of the world to another
## Footnote
This includes international trade agreements and supply chain networks.
108
What is one key feature of globalisation?
Globalisation has brought the world's economies closer together, especially in relation to trade and investment.
109
How has trade changed due to globalisation?
Trade across the world has grown quickly, with many LEDCs increasing their industrial output.
110
What role do global communications play in globalisation?
Global communications have been a key factor in the continued growth of links across the world.
111
Where do profits made by multinational companies (MNCs) often flow?
Profits made by MNCs often flow back to the head offices in MEDs.
112
What is changing about the flow of profits from MNCs?
New financial and tax rules are being introduced that may change how profits are distributed.
113
How has the independence of individual countries changed?
Individual countries are less independent than they used to be, with global firms having significant control.
114
Name a few large global firms mentioned that can have more control than some governments.
Exxon, Shell, and Walmart.
115
What is one advantage of globalisation for LEDCs?
Globalisation is responsible for many formal employment opportunities in LEDCs.
116
How do MNCs contribute to the infrastructure of LEDCs?
MNCs often spend a lot of money helping to improve the infrastructure and social conditions of an area.
117
What do LEDC governments do to attract investment?
LEDC governments will go out of their way to attract investment from big firms.
118
What is one economic benefit of additional factories in LEDCs?
More money is flowing into and through the country.
119
How can workers in LEDCs benefit from globalisation?
Workers can receive a better education and improve their skills, making them more employable.
120
What new opportunities does globalisation bring to poor countries?
New skills, techniques, and technologies are brought into poor countries, allowing them to develop.
121
What is a disadvantage of jobs created in LEDCs due to globalisation?
These jobs are often less well paid than similar jobs in MEDCs.
122
What do LEDC workers feel due to pay disparity?
LEDC workers feel less valued than those in MEDCs.
123
How do working conditions in LEDCs compare to those in MEDCs?
Working conditions are not always as good as in MEDCs.
124
Why might factories in LEDCs have poor working standards?
Many factories are not owned by the MNC but are contracted out, allowing for lower standards.
125
What happens to profits from manufacturing in LEDCs?
Most profits flow straight back to the headquarters of the company, with little staying in the LEDC.
126
What is a risk associated with jobs provided by MNCs in LEDCs?
There is little job security; MNCs may pull out at the first sign of difficulty.
127
What is bilateral aid?
Aid given from one country to another, usually tied to specific priorities.
## Footnote
Bilateral aid allows the donating MEDC to direct funds towards particular issues.
128
What is multilateral aid?
Aid that comes from international organizations like the WHO and the UN.
## Footnote
Money is pooled into these organizations and used for global projects and rescue missions.
129
What is voluntary aid?
Aid provided by charities and NGOs, funded by public donations.
## Footnote
Examples include Christian Aid, Comic Relief, Oxfam, and Fields of Life.
130
What is one advantage of aid?
It can make a huge difference to the lives of people in LEDCs.
## Footnote
Aid can significantly improve living conditions in low-economic countries.
131
What is a benefit of short-term and humanitarian aid?
It can help save lives in emergency situations.
## Footnote
Immediate assistance is critical during disasters and crises.
132
How can charities impact small communities in LEDCs?
By working alongside partner organizations on development projects.
## Footnote
Charities often provide both short- and long-term assistance.
133
What is a disadvantage of aid?
Aid does not always make a difference to the intended communities.
## Footnote
Effectiveness can vary based on local conditions and governance.
134
What can hinder aid from reaching those in need?
Corruption and poor administration systems.
## Footnote
Mismanagement can prevent aid from benefiting the most vulnerable populations.
135
What is a problem of dependency on aid for LEDCs?
They may become reliant on regular aid and less self-sufficient.
## Footnote
This can hinder long-term economic growth and independence.
136
What is tied aid?
Aid that comes with strict conditions attached to it.
## Footnote
These conditions can make the aid less desirable for recipient countries.
137
How can food aid affect local producers?
It can lower food prices and undermine profits for local farmers.
## Footnote
Influx of free or subsidized food can disrupt local markets.
138
What has led to LEDCs taking a bigger share of the global manufacturing industry?
Globalisation
## Footnote
Globalisation has allowed LEDCs to participate more actively in global markets.
139
Which industries have been growing rapidly within LEDCs?
Electronics and textiles industries
## Footnote
These industries have seen significant growth due to increased global demand.
140
What is the definition of newly industrialising countries (NICs)?
Countries that are developing and are experiencing rapid industrial and economic growth
## Footnote
NICs are characterized by their transition from agriculture-based economies to industrial economies.
141
Which country controls around 17% of all African exports?
China
## Footnote
China's influence in Africa has grown significantly in recent years.
142
Which countries control an additional 9% of African exports?
Brazil and India
## Footnote
These countries have also expanded their trade relationships with Africa.
143
What is an emerging market?
A country that has some characteristics of an MEDC but does not meet all criteria
## Footnote
Emerging markets are often in a transitional phase of economic development.
144
What are the criteria for an emerging market?
1. Economy progressing towards MEDC status
2. High annual growth rate (GDP growth between 10% and 75% of average EU per capita income)
## Footnote
These criteria help identify countries that are on the path to becoming more developed.
145
Fill in the blank: Newly industrialising countries are experiencing rapid ______ and economic growth.
industrial
## Footnote
This growth is often accompanied by urbanization and improvements in living standards.
146
What are the BRICS countries?
A self-contained group of emerging economies including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
## Footnote
BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, which are known for their significant influence on regional and global affairs.
147
How do the MINT countries differ from the BRICS countries?
MINT countries are a loose group of like-minded countries without a central organization.
## Footnote
MINT stands for Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey, which share some economic similarities but lack the formal structure of BRICS.
148
What is the economic and political agenda of the BRICS countries?
To challenge the G-20 and G7 countries and their economic dominance over the rest of the world.
## Footnote
The BRICS nations aim to create a multipolar world order that reduces the influence of Western powers.
149
Which countries among the MINT have struggled with corruption issues?
Nigeria and Indonesia.
## Footnote
Corruption can hinder economic development and governance in these countries.
150
Which countries are noted for poor human rights records, potentially hindering development?
Turkey, China, and Russia.
## Footnote
Human rights abuses can create international criticism and impact foreign investment.
151
Name some countries that have expressed interest in joining the BRICS group.
Argentina, Indonesia, Egypt, Nigeria, Sudan, Syria, Bangladesh, and Greece.
## Footnote
The expansion of BRICS could alter the balance of power in global governance.
152
True or False: The BRICS countries have a central organization to combine them.
False.
## Footnote
Unlike formal organizations, BRICS operates more as a coalition of countries with shared interests.
153
Fill in the blank: The _______ countries are a self-contained group while the MINT countries are loosely organized.
[BRICS]
## Footnote
BRICS represents a structured alliance compared to the more informal MINT grouping.
