Settlement Change Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What is one key factor that determines whether an area is defined as rural or urban?
A
Settlement size
Many countries have set criteria for population thresholds to designate areas as rural or urban.
2
Q
What population size typically defines a rural settlement in the UK?
A
Less than 1,000 people
Settlements with populations below this threshold are usually classified as rural.
3
Q
What population density might indicate an urban area?
A
More than 100 people per km²
Densities higher than this are often associated with urban characteristics.
4
Q
What population density typically characterizes a rural area?
A
Less than 100 people per km²
Areas with such low density are usually classified as rural.
5
Q
What aspects of an area’s function can indicate its classification as rural or urban?
A
Settlement function, land use, and employment
The function of an area often reflects its population characteristics.
6
Q
How are rural areas typically characterized in terms of population distribution?
A
Dispersed population
Rural areas often have a more spread-out population compared to urban areas.
7
Q
What type of land use is commonly found in rural areas?
A
Agricultural land use
Rural areas are often associated with farming and agricultural activities.
8
Q
What is a common difference in service availability between rural and urban areas?
A
Fewer services available in rural areas
Urban areas typically have more services compared to rural regions.
9
Q
What are the 4 key factors to which an area is defined as rural or urban?
A
- Settlement size
- Population density
- Settlement function/ land use / employment
- Service provision
10
Q
What is greenfield development?
A
An area of land surrounding a city or town that has not been developed or built up
11
Q
What are green belt policies designed to do?
A
Actively prevent urban sprawl into undeveloped areas
12
Q
How do planners view the green belt?
A
As an invisible line to prevent urban development, seen as the ‘lungs’ of an urban landscape
13
Q
What was the population of Belfast in 1971?
A
Around 600,000
14
Q
What trend occurred in Belfast’s inner city population over 20 years following 1971?
A
A slow but steady decline as people moved to suburb areas
15
Q
What was the purpose of the Matthew Regional Plan in 1964?
A
To stop the continued sprawl of Belfast
16
Q
What did Matthew note was needed in his plan?
A
A ‘greenscape’ capable of sustaining agriculture, forestry, and outdoor recreation
17
Q
Fill in the blank: Greenfield development refers to an area of land surrounding a city or town that has not been _______.
A
[developed or built up]
18
Q
What areas did people move to from the inner city of Belfast?
A
Suburb areas to the north, east, and south of the city
19
Q
What is one success of green belts?
A
Slowing urban sprawl
Green belts are areas of open land around cities meant to prevent urban development.
20
Q
What is a side effect of green belts regarding development?
A
Development may occur further into the countryside
This can lead to the loss of rural land and natural habitats.
21
Q
What effect do green belts have on inner-city areas?
A
Inner-city areas can become more crowded
This can lead to increased demand for housing and services in urban areas.
22
Q
What happens to land prices due to competition for land in and around green belts?
A
Land prices increase
Increased demand leads to higher costs for land and housing.
23
Q
How do green belts affect commuting distances?
A
Commuting distances into city centres increase
This can result in longer travel times for residents living further away.
24
Q
What are the environmental consequences of longer commuting distances due to green belts?
A
Increased congestion and pollution
Longer commutes can lead to higher emissions and traffic issues.
25
What is a necessary response to the congestion and pollution caused by longer commutes?
Improvements to the transport network
## Footnote
Enhancements may include public transport expansion and road upgrades.
26
What is the first strategic objective for green belts in Northern Ireland?
To prevent the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas.
27
What is the second strategic objective for green belts in Northern Ireland?
To prevent neighbouring settlements from merging.
28
What is the third strategic objective for green belts in Northern Ireland?
To safeguard the surrounding countryside.
29
What is the fourth strategic objective for green belts in Northern Ireland?
To protect the setting of settlements.
30
What is the fifth strategic objective for green belts in Northern Ireland?
To assist in urban regeneration.
31
True or False: Developers argue that brownfield sites in urban areas are abundant and do not need to be used for redevelopment.
False.
32
According to developers, what is happening to brownfield sites in urban areas?
They are running out.
33
Fill in the blank: Areas of _______ will need to be earmarked for future construction.
greenfield
34
What is suburbanisation?
Suburbanisation is often the first step in the decentralisation of the inner city.
35
In what year did Matthew comment on the need to clear slum areas in Belfast?
1964
36
What did Matthew propose for the people living in slum areas of Belfast?
Measures to move people to the suburbs and beyond.
37
What initiated much of the suburbanisation?
Extensions and improvements to the transport network and infrastructure.
38
What happens to the urban landscape as a city grows outwards?
It changes the characteristics of the urban landscape.
## Footnote
This includes alterations in land use, population density, and infrastructure demands.
39
What do developing suburban areas experience due to population growth?
Pressure for services, housing, shops, parking, and social facilities.
## Footnote
This pressure often leads to increased development and urban sprawl.
40
What are 'dormitory towns'?
Areas that primarily serve as residential zones for people who commute to work elsewhere.
## Footnote
These towns may lack significant employment opportunities themselves.
41
What are 'commuter villages'?
Villages where residents travel to work, often located near urban centers.
## Footnote
Similar to dormitory towns, they may have limited local employment.
42
Fill in the blank: As cities expand, suburban areas can become merely _______.
'dormitory towns or commuter villages'
43
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people from the inner city and suburbs to places beyond the city limits/metropolitan area.
44
What is suburbanisation?
The movement of people from the inner city to the suburbs.
45
What type of areas do people typically move to during counter-urbanisation?
Surrounding rural towns and villages that are within commuting distance of the city.
46
Since when have people been moving out from the fringes of Belfast?
Since the early 1980s.
47
What has allowed people to consider living in bigger, more expensive houses?
Increased incomes.
48
Name three towns that have grown due to counter-urbanisation.
* Ballyclare
* Templepatrick
* Greenisland
49
What is essential for suburbanisation or counter-urbanisation to occur?
Good transport links to the places to which people are moving.
50
What type of transport network did Belfast have that facilitated counter-urbanisation?
A well-developed road and rail network.
51
What are two effects of counter-urbanisation on the rural-urban fringe?
* Traffic congestion and pollution
* Competition for land, raising house prices
52
Fill in the blank: Counter-urbanisation can lead to continued _______ into the countryside.
sprawl
53
What is one consequence of continued sprawl into the countryside?
Removing green space and reducing habitats for wildlife.
54
What is a need that arises from counter-urbanisation in rural areas?
To build and develop similar services to those in the city (e.g. shops, restaurants, entertainment).
55
What is the main aim of protection measures in rural areas?
To ensure that the countryside is conserved for the future
56
What must planners consider in rural areas?
Ways in which the area can be used and ensure that development is sustainable
57
What is the definition of recreation?
When people use their leisure time for enjoyment or pleasure without staying overnight
58
What kind of activities attract visitors to rural areas?
Recreational activities
59
What is a trade-off that needs to be found in rural planning?
Between using the landscape as a resource and protecting the landscape
60
Why are tourists drawn to certain areas?
Because of its recreational resources
61
What do tourists require to feel comfortable during their stay?
Services and facilities that allow them to develop a 'home from home'
62
Fill in the blank: Recreation is when people use their leisure time for enjoyment or pleasure and do not stay _______.
overnight
63
What is the impact of recreational activities on local communities?
They provide much-needed jobs and income for local people
64
What needs to be taken into account when planning land use and tourism activities?
To ensure that the fabric of the landscape is not changed beyond all recognition
65
What does AONB stand for?
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
## Footnote
AONBs are designated areas in the UK aimed at conserving and enhancing natural beauty.
66
What does ASSI stand for?
Areas of Special Scientific Interest
## Footnote
ASSIs are areas designated for their unique wildlife or geological features.
67
What are the primary measures used to manage the countryside?
AONBs, ASSIs, National Parks
## Footnote
These designations help protect the countryside and promote conservation.
68
How many AONBs are there in Northern Ireland?
8
## Footnote
AONBs in Northern Ireland are important for conservation and tourism.
69
How many national nature reserves are there in Northern Ireland?
47
## Footnote
National nature reserves are designated to protect wildlife and habitats.
70
How many special areas of conservation are found in Northern Ireland?
43
## Footnote
These areas are designated under European law to protect biodiversity.
71
How many special protection areas are there in Northern Ireland?
10
## Footnote
Special protection areas are established to protect birds and their habitats.
72
Fill in the blank: AONBs, ASSIs, and _______ are measures used to manage the countryside.
National Parks
## Footnote
National Parks serve as protected areas for wildlife and recreation.
73
What does AONB stand for?
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
## Footnote
AONB is a designation for areas in the countryside with significant landscape value.
74
What is the main purpose of an AONB?
To conserve and enhance the natural beauty of a particular area
## Footnote
AONBs focus on protecting the landscape while allowing for public enjoyment.
75
In which regions is the term AONB used?
England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
## Footnote
AONBs are specific to these regions within the UK.
76
How many AONBs are there in England and Wales?
33 AONBs
## Footnote
This figure represents the total number of designated AONBs in these regions.
77
How many AONBs are there in Northern Ireland?
8 AONBs
## Footnote
Northern Ireland has its own AONB designations separate from those in England and Wales.
78
Name one of the most famous AONBs in Northern Ireland.
Antrim Coast and Glens
## Footnote
Other notable AONBs include the Causeway Coast, the Mourne Mountains, and Strangford Lough.
79
What type of controls are usually present in AONBs?
Planning controls
## Footnote
These controls help manage the area while allowing public enjoyment.
80
True or False: AONBs are only found in England.
False
## Footnote
AONBs are also designated in Wales and Northern Ireland.
81
Fill in the blank: AONBs are areas of the countryside with __________ landscape value.
significant
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of the landscape in AONB designations.
82
What does Design Principle 4 (DES 4) of the Planning Strategy for Rural Northern Ireland focus on?
Ensuring that development proposals in AONBs are sensitive to the distinctive character of the area, particularly regarding landscape quality, heritage, and wildlife.
83
What percentage of Northern Ireland is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)?
26%
84
List the main objectives of DES 4 regarding AONBs in Northern Ireland.
* Conserve or enhance the natural beauty or amenities of the area
* Conserve wildlife, historic objects or natural phenomena
* Promote enjoyment by the public
* Provide or maintain public access
85
True or False: AONBs in Northern Ireland are only recognized for their scenic beauty.
False
86
Fill in the blank: The Planning Strategy for Rural Northern Ireland aims to _______ the natural beauty or amenities of AONBs.
[conserve or enhance]
87
What is one of the objectives of DES 4 related to wildlife?
To conserve wildlife, historic objects or natural phenomena within it.
88
What does DES 4 promote regarding public interaction with AONBs?
It promotes the enjoyment of AONBs by the public.
89
What aspect of AONBs does DES 4 emphasize in relation to development proposals?
The distinctive character of the area.
90
Why are AONBs considered more than just places with amazing scenery?
Because they encompass natural beauty, wildlife, historic objects, and provide public enjoyment and access.
91
What does ASSI stand for?
Area of Special Scientific Interest
92
What is the purpose of an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI)?
To help protect geologically or biologically significant areas
93
Which department describes ASSIs in Northern Ireland?
Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
94
What do ASSIs represent?
The best of our wildlife and geological sites
95
What is the primary goal of designating an area as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)?
To prevent the loss of biodiversity and geodiversity
96
Who is responsible for designating ASSI status in Northern Ireland?
Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA)
97
How many ASSI areas was it intended to have declared by 2016?
440 ASSI areas
98
What legal framework protects ASSIs in Northern Ireland?
The Environment (Northern Ireland) Order 2002 Part IV (section 28)
99
What is required from the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs if an area is designated as an ASSI?
A statement about land management and conservation
100
What can landowners in an ASSI enter into according to Article 34 of The Environment (Northern Ireland) Order 2002?
A management agreement
101
True or False: A management agreement in an ASSI may impose restrictions on land use.
True
102
Name one example of an ASSI in Northern Ireland.
The Gobbins in County Antrim
103
Fill in the blank: The _______ Lough is an example of an ASSI in Northern Ireland.
Carlingford
104
List three examples of ASSIs in Northern Ireland.
* The Gobbins in County Antrim
* Carlingford Lough in County Armagh
* The Copeland Islands in County Down
105
What types of diversity does ASSI aim to protect?
* Biodiversity
* Geodiversity
106
What is included in the management statement for an ASSI?
Views on the conservation and enhancement of flora/fauna/features
107
Name the river mentioned as an ASSI in County Londonderry.
River Roe and its tributaries
108
What is the primary purpose of National Parks?
To conserve and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the area and to promote understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the park by the public.
109
How many National Parks are there worldwide?
Around 6,555 parks.
110
In the UK, what are the two central purposes of National Parks?
* Conserve and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the area
* Promote understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the park by the public.
111
True or False: National Parks are only found in the UK.
False.
112
Fill in the blank: The term 'National Park' is an international designation covering around _______ parks worldwide.
6,555.
113
What does the conservation purpose of National Parks include?
Enhancing the natural and cultural heritage.
114
What is meant by 'special qualities' in the context of National Parks?
Unique features that are significant for public understanding and enjoyment.
115
How are National Parks managed?
Carefully for conservation purposes.
116
What are the two main aims of National Parks in England and Wales according to the 1995 Environment Act?
1. To conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage.
2. To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by the public.
## Footnote
The 1995 Environment Act established these aims for the management and operation of National Parks.
117
What is one duty of National Parks when carrying out their purposes?
To seek to foster the economic and social well-being of local communities within the National Parks.
## Footnote
This duty emphasizes the importance of balancing conservation efforts with local community interests.
118
Fill in the blank: The first aim of National Parks is to _______.
[conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage]
119
Fill in the blank: The second aim of National Parks is to promote opportunities for the _______ and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by the public.
[understanding]
120
What is one potential economic benefit of establishing a National Park in Northern Ireland?
Potential £2-4 million additional funding
## Footnote
This funding could be directed towards various community and environmental projects.
121
How many direct jobs could a National Parks Authority create in Northern Ireland?
30 people
## Footnote
These jobs would be directly related to the management and administration of the National Park.
122
What type of opportunities would a National Park increase for visitors?
Recreation opportunities
## Footnote
This includes activities such as hiking, wildlife observation, and other outdoor pursuits.
123
What economic effect could increased visitor numbers have in Northern Ireland?
Increased visitor expenditure and employment associated with tourism
## Footnote
This can boost local businesses and create additional jobs in the area.
124
What social benefit would new regulations for housing provide in National Park areas?
Improved living conditions for people
## Footnote
These regulations could help manage development and protect local communities.
125
What environmental benefit is associated with establishing a National Park?
Landscape and built heritage protection
## Footnote
This includes maintaining areas of biodiversity and ensuring sustainable land use.
126
What is a potential economic argument against having a National Park in Northern Ireland?
Impact on farming practices
## Footnote
Farmers fear that regulations could restrict their ability to generate wealth.
127
What is a concern regarding the increase in second homes if a National Park is established?
Potential rise in property prices
## Footnote
This could make housing less affordable for local residents.
128
What is a consequence of an increase in house prices?
Increase in rates
## Footnote
Higher house prices often lead to increased property taxes and living costs.
129
How does the employment profile change with increased tourism?
Tourism jobs tend to be lower paid and seasonal
## Footnote
This can lead to economic instability for workers in the tourism sector.
130
What social issue arises from tourism and recreation?
Conflict between tourism/recreation and landowners
## Footnote
Conflicts can occur if access points to land are inadequate for visitors.
131
What is a negative impact of increased visitor numbers?
Increases in traffic congestion
## Footnote
Higher visitor numbers can lead to overcrowded roads and transportation systems.
132
What environmental issues can arise from tourism?
Possible effects on landscape, biodiversity, and built heritage
## Footnote
These effects can occur unless careful management is implemented.
133
Fill in the blank: Tourism jobs tend to be _______.
lower paid and seasonal
134
True or False: Increased visitor numbers can have positive effects on local traffic conditions.
False
## Footnote
Increased visitor numbers typically lead to more traffic congestion.
135
What must be put in place to mitigate negative environmental effects from tourism?
Careful management
## Footnote
Effective management strategies are essential to protect landscapes and biodiversity.
136
What was discussed in September 2012 in Newcastle, County Down?
The possibility of the area becoming the first designated National Park in Northern Ireland
## Footnote
This initiative involved a series of public meetings.
137
What are some activities that contribute to soil and hillside erosion in Northern Ireland?
Hill walking, mountain biking, quadbiking, and 4×4 off-road driving
## Footnote
These activities can cause extensive damage to soil and hillsides due to heavy use of paths.
138
How does overgrazing by sheep affect vegetation in Northern Ireland?
It reduces vegetation, leading to soil erosion
## Footnote
Overgrazing can significantly impact the stability of soil in hilly areas.
139
What impact does the clearance of hedgerows have on wildlife?
It destroys wildlife habitats, including bird nesting sites
## Footnote
Clearance for farmland or recreational facilities poses a threat to local fauna.
140
What problems can walkers cause for farmland in Northern Ireland?
Leaving gates open and scaring or attacking livestock
## Footnote
These actions can disrupt farming operations and endanger animals.
141
What is the purpose of a National Park Management Plan?
To protect the landscape and enhance the character of the park
## Footnote
It involves working with farmers and land managers for better land management.
142
What types of heritage are protected in a National Park?
Heritage, historic buildings, and archaeological remains
## Footnote
These elements receive statutory protection to preserve cultural significance.
143
Why is protecting biodiversity and ecosystems important in a National Park?
The diversity of wildlife is under threat due to rapid changes
## Footnote
Healthy soils and watercourses are vital for maintaining ecosystems.
144
What local partnerships are encouraged for protecting biodiversity?
Partnerships with organisations like the National Trust and the RSPB
## Footnote
Collaborations enhance efforts to protect local wildlife and habitats.
145
What issues arise from the congestion of villages and beauty spots?
Overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local resources
## Footnote
Popular areas known as 'honeypots' attract large numbers of visitors.
146
What effect do high-speed boats have on the environment?
They cause excessive noise pollution and conflict with fishing or swimming
## Footnote
Such recreational activities can lead to environmental degradation.
147
What transport strategy is proposed for the National Park?
Development of cycle routes and encouragement of sustainable local transport links
## Footnote
This strategy aims to reduce reliance on cars for accessing the park.
148
How will recreational activities be managed in the National Park?
Activities will be closely managed and controlled
## Footnote
Limitations on watersports and fishing through involvement of local clubs are examples.
149
What is the approach towards motor sport activities in the National Park?
Limited to particular areas and traffic-calming devices fitted to 'green lanes'
## Footnote
This helps to manage the impact of motor sports on the environment.
150
What is one effect of a Northern Ireland National Park on local services?
Services opened up to serve tourists can displace those serving the local population, such as bakers and butchers.
## Footnote
This displacement occurs as gift shops and cafes cater to tourists' needs.
151
How does tourism impact house prices in the area?
House prices rise as demand for second homes and holiday cottages increases.
## Footnote
This increase in demand is driven by the influx of tourists.
152
What type of new infrastructure is required to support increased tourism?
New hotels, holiday cottages, and caravan parks are required to accommodate tourists.
## Footnote
These developments take up valuable living space in the local area.
153
What improvements are necessary to service tourists?
Improved sewerage, electricity supplies, water supplies, phone lines, and internet connectivity are necessary.
## Footnote
These improvements ensure that the needs of tourists are met.
154
What is the aim of the Management Plan regarding sustainable tourism?
To welcome people for 'escape, adventure, enjoyment, and sustainability.'
## Footnote
This involves managing the natural environment and local culture.
155
What does sustainable communities aim to achieve?
Revenue from tourism allowing sustainable development within local communities.
## Footnote
This helps small settlements adapt to new challenges while retaining their identity.
