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PSIO202 > Practical 1 - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Practical 1 - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the flow of blood from artery to veins.

A

Artery branches into arteriole branches into capillaries merge into venules merge into veins.

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2
Q

What occurs in the capillaries?

A

Exchange of waste, gas, and nutrients

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3
Q

Describe the difference in appearance of a artery vs vein under the microscope.

A

Arteries are thicker but have a smaller lumen, and they normally stay completely round. Veins are thinner but have a bigger lumen that is normally collapsed.

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4
Q

What are the effects of vasoconstriction and vasodilation? What causes those two actions to occur?

A

Vasoconstriction: increase BP, contraction of smooth muscle makes the lumen smaller
Vasodilation: decrease BP, relaxation of the smooth muscle makes the lumen bigger

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5
Q

What is an anastomosis, and what are the three types? Give an example of each type.

A

It is a vessel that allows for an alternate route of bloodflow.
Arteriovenous anastomosis: between small arteries and veins, like in the fingers (reduce heat loss in the cold weather)
Arterial anastomosis: between arteries, like the Circle of Willis to protect the brain in case of a blockage
Venous anastomosis: between veins, like the deep and superficial veins to regulate temperature

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6
Q

What is a trunk and a portal? Whatisanexampleofaportal?

A

A trunk is a short vessel that immediately branches.
A portal is a vessel that contains two capillary beds in series (the hepatic portal, where blood goes through the stomach capillaries first but then “stops in” at the liver before being returned).

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7
Q

What are the roles of arterioles?

A

regulate BP and control flow into the capillaries

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8
Q

What are the differences between elastic and muscular arteries?

A

Elastic: large diameter, elastic fibers, handle high pressure
Muscular: small diameter, smooth muscle fibers, contract to propel blood

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9
Q

What are all of the layers of an artery? Major layers and sublayers.

A

Tunic Interna - endothelium, basement membrane, and internal elastic lamina
Tunic media- smooth muscle and external elastic lamina
Tunica externa

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10
Q

What is the role of the tunica media layer of an artery?

A

Smooth muscle constricts and dilates, while the external elastic lamina helps the artery stretch and return to a normal shape.

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11
Q

What is the tunica externa of an artery made of, and what does it do?

A

Made of elastic and collagen fibers, supports and protects the artery

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12
Q

What are the layers of a vein? Major and sublayers.

A

Tunica interna- endothelium and basement membrane
Tunica media- smooth muscle
Tunica externa

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13
Q

What structure is unique to veins (arteries don’t have it)? What are they made from? What is their purpose?

A

Valves (extension of the tunica interna) that prevent backflow

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14
Q

What layers of the veins and arteries are the thickest? What layers is almost non existent for a venule?

A

Tunica media is the thickest in an artery, while tunica externa is thickest in a vein (except it can be absent or thin in the venules)

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15
Q

Name differences between arteries and veins regarding the lumen, pressure handled, and thickness.

A

Arteries have a smaller lumen, but they are thicker and handle more pressure.
Veins have a large lumen but they are thinner and handle less pressure.

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16
Q

What feature is unique to arteries (not in veins)?

A

Elastic lamina (internal or external)

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17
Q

Name the three types of capillaries, what they allow to pass, and where they may be located.

A

Continuous: only gasses, located in the blood brain barrier, lungs, CNS, skeletal muscle and connective tissue
Fenestrated: small molecules, located in the kidneys, small intestine, and endocrine glands
Sinusoid: large molecules like proteins, located in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and pituitary gland

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18
Q

What 5 things acts as “pumps” for blood return?

A

pressure gradient, respiratory, cardiac suction, muscle, and gravity

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19
Q

What is the meaning of the cardiac suction “pump”?

A

When chordae tendonae pull the AV valves down it creates just a little suction that draws blood into the atria.

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20
Q

What is the meaning of the pressure gradient “pump”?

A

There is less pressure in the vena cava than the venules, which favors movement in that direction.

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21
Q

What are the differences in the fetal heart, and what was the purpose of those differences?

A

Open foramen ovale (before becoming fossa ovalis) and open ductus arteriosus (before becoming ligamentum arteriosum) which allowed blood to bypass the lungs.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal circulation? What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

To filter nutrients from digested food and carry them through the circulation before reaching the heart. The hepatic portal vein carries this nutrient-rich blood to the liver to be filtered and processed.

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23
Q

Explain the process of hepatic portal circulation, starting with blood coming from the affected organs.

A

Blood from the stomach, pancreas, and spleen drain into the splenic vein. Blood from the large intestine drains into the inferior mesenteric vein. Blood from the small intestine drains into the superior mesenteric vein.
The inferior mesenteric vein merges with the splenic vein. The splenic veins and superior mesenteric vein merge to form the hepatic portal vein.
The hepatic portal vein carries blood to and through the liver, then drains into the hepatic veins.
They merge into the inferior vena cava which takes blood back to the heart.

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24
Q

What arteries supply the Circle of Willis/Cerebral Arterial Circle?

A

right and left vertebral arteries (enter the circle on the back side) and right and left internal carotid arteries (enter the circle on the sides, toward the middle of the circle)

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25
Q

The Circle of Willis can be represented by a stick figure, Bruce. What represents Bruce’s legs and body?

A

Legs: right and left vertebral artery
Body: basilar artery

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26
Q

The Circle of Willis can be represented by a stick figure, Bruce. What represents Bruce’s antennae things, and the top of his head?

A

Antennae: right and left anterior cerebral arteries
Top of his head: anterior communicating artery

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27
Q

The Circle of Willis can be represented by a stick figure, Bruce. What represents Bruce’s eyes and the sides of his face?

A

eyes: the left and right internal carotid arteries
sides of face: left and right posterior communicating arteries

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28
Q

The Circle of Willis can be represented by a stick figure, Bruce. What represents Bruce’s two sets of arms? (aka eyelashes and real arms)

A

eyelashes/top arms: left and right middle cerebral arteries
real arms: left and right posterior cerebral arteries

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29
Q

What are the primary and secondary causes of hypertension?
What are treatments for hypotension?

A

Primary hypertension: obesity, poor diet, history
Secondary hypertension: kidney or endocrine disease

Treatments for hypotension: water, sodium, medication, and compression socks

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30
Q

What is the technical name for taking blood pressure? What is the technical name of the sounds you hear?

A

Sphygmomanometry, Korotkoff sounds

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31
Q

When the blood pressure cuff is not inflated at all…
laminar or turbulent flow?
sounds or no sounds?

A

laminar, no sounds

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32
Q

When the blood pressure cuff is inflated but not fully…
laminar or turbulent flow?
sounds or no sounds?

A

turbulent flow, can hear sounds

33
Q

When the blood pressure cuff is fully inflated…
turbulent or laminar flow?
sounds or no sounds?

A

no flow, no sounds

34
Q

Explain the process of taking blood pressure.

A

Place the cuff on the upper arm, place the stethoscope on top of the brachial artery. Inflate the cuff to 160-180, release pressure, hear sounds (turbulent flow, systolic pressure) then hear sounds stop (laminar flow returns, diastolic pressure)

35
Q

How much blood is in the average human body?

A

5.5 L

36
Q

What are the two overall compoennts of blood? What percent is each?

A

Plasma - 55%
Formed elements - 45%

37
Q

What are the two main components of plasma, and what percent are each?

A

water - 91.5%
solutes and proteins - 8.5%

38
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma, but without the clotting proteins

39
Q

What are the three types of formed elements, and what are their common names?

A

Erythrocytes - RBC
Thrombocytes - platelets
Lymphocytes - WBC

40
Q

Where are thrombocytes produced, and what do they do?

A

They are produced in the bone marrow by megakaryocytes (fragments of megakaryocytes)
They function in clotting

41
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced? Do they have a nucleus? What special protein do they have?

A

Produced in red marrow
They are anucleate
They have hemoglobin which binds O2 and CO2

42
Q

How many erythrocytes are there?

A

There are 4.5-5 million per microliter of blood

43
Q

What is the name for too many erythrocytes? What are the causes, and how does it biologically occur?

A

Polycythemia - is caused by living at high elevations, dehydration, and blood doping but the erythrocytes are stimulated to be produced by erythropoietin.

44
Q

What is the name for not enough erythrocytes?

A

Erythropenia

45
Q

What is anemia? What is an example?

A

Decreased ability to carry oxygen
Sickle Cell anemia

46
Q

What is sickle cell anemia? (genetically, pathophysiologically)
What are the symptoms and treatments?

A

autosomal recessive Hb defect (glutamic acid —-> valine) that causes erythrocytes to sickle (crescent shape)

Symptoms are pain, fatigue, swelling, infections, and vision problems
Treatments are blood transfusions, pain meds, bone marrow transplants, and vaccines for infections

47
Q

What is the rate of African Americans carrying and who have sickle cell anemia?
How are carriers affected by it?

A

1 in 365 have it, 1 in 13 carry it
Carriers are not symptomatic but they are resistant to malaria

48
Q

How many leukocytes are there?

A

5000-10000 per microliter of blood

49
Q

What is a low leukocyte count called?

A

leukopenia

50
Q

What are the types of leukocytes, and what is the acronym to remember the percentages?

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

51
Q

What are the agranular leukocytes? What is the clue to know they are agranular?

A

lymphocytes, monocytes (end in cyte)

52
Q

What are the granular leukocytes? What is the clue for what is granular?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils (end in phil)

53
Q

Neutrophils:
describe them
percentage of leukocytes
action

A

They are granulated and have multiple nuclei
60-70%
mobile, first responders, inflammation and infection

54
Q

Eosinophils:
descibe them
percentage of leukocytes
action

A

big pink granules with bi-lobed nucleus
2-4%
allergic reactions, autoimmune, parasitic infections

55
Q

Basophils:
describe them
percentage of leukocytes
action

A

completely filed with purple granules
<0.5 %
allergic reactions, cancer, hypothyroidism
release histamine and heparin

56
Q

What do histamine and heparin do?

A

Histamine is a vasodilator, heparin is an anticoagulant

57
Q

Lymphoctyes:
describe them
percentage of leukocytes
action

A

one big round nucleus and agranular
25-33%
work in the lymphatic system, viral infection, cancer, parasitic infections

58
Q

Monocytes:
describe them
percentage of leukocytes
action

A

largest, one kidney shaped nucleus
3-8%
viral infection and inflammation

59
Q

Starting from the interior of the heart, list the layers.

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity (with pericardial fluid)
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium

60
Q

What layer of the heart wall attaches to the diaphragm?

A

The fibrous pericardium

61
Q

What heart rates indicate bradycardia and tachycardia?

A

Over 100: tachycardia
Below 60: bradycardia

62
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume and cardiac output?

A

SV=EDV-ESV
CO=SV x HR

63
Q

What vein does the great saphenous vein merge with?

A

The femoral vein

64
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (visceral pericardium)

65
Q

Which is more anterior, the pulmonary trunk or the aorta?

A

pulmonary trunk

66
Q

What are the structures attached to the AV valves?

A

chordae tendonae, papillary muscles, and trabeculae carnae

67
Q

Do the pulmonary veins and arteries carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

A

veins - oxygenated
arteries - deoxygenated

68
Q

Where does blood from the coronary sinus drain into?

A

Right atrium

69
Q

what are the three coronary veins, and what do they drain?

A

great cardiac vein: left anterior heart
small cardiac vein: right anterior heart
Middle cardiac vein: posterior heart

70
Q

What are the coronary arteries on the left and what do they supply?

A

Left coronary artery—>
circumflex artery: left atrium and left posterior ventricle
anterior interventricular artery: anterior ventricles and interventricular septum

71
Q

What are the coronary arteries on the right side of the heart and what do they supply?

A

Right coronary artery—->
marginal artery: right atrium and right ventricle
posterior interventricular artery: posterior ventricles and interventricular septum

72
Q

What is the name for the idea that the heart beats without any stimulation?

A

intrinsic autorhythmycity

73
Q

What is the path of conduction through the heart?

A

SA node, AV node, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers

74
Q

What is the other name for the Purkinje fibers?

A

subendocardial conducting network

75
Q

What feature of cardiomyocytes allows for electrical signal conduction?

A

gap junctions at intercalated disks

76
Q

What events correspond to each wave of an ECG?

A

P - atrial depolarization and contraction
QRS- ventricular depolarization and contraction
T- recovery/relaxation

77
Q

What is hematocrit? What is normal for females and males?

A

The percentage of erythrocytes in the blood.
Females: 37-48%
Males: 42-52%

78
Q

What is in the buffy coat in a hematocrit test?

A

leukocytes and thrombocytes

PSIO202 (27 decks)

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