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PSIO202 > PSIO202 Exam 2 Lecture 10-11 > Flashcards

PSIO202 Exam 2 Lecture 10-11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and pulmonary circulation (between lungs and outside)

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2
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

exchange of gases between capillaries and tissue cells (blood to tissue)

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3
Q

What are the key functions of the respiratory system?

A

filter/warm/humidify the air, ventilation, gas exchange, sound production, sense of smell, metabolism of hormones

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4
Q

What is ventilation?

A

air moving into and out of the lungs

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5
Q

What is compromised in order to produce sound?

A

breathing

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6
Q

What does the upper airway do, and what is it composed of?

A

connects the nasal and oral openings with the esophagus and trachea
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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7
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

separates the upper and lower parts of the respiratory system, defends the airway from material, and produces sound

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8
Q

What is the largest conducting airway?

A

the trachea

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9
Q

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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10
Q

What structures support the trachea? Why are they important?

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage rings prevent it from collapsing

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11
Q

What is mucocilliary transport?

A

goblet cells produce mucus and the cilia beat moving it upward

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12
Q

What is the purpose of nutritional flow?

A

supply lung tissue with oxygenated blood

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13
Q

What is the pathway of nutritional flow?

A

oxygenated blood from heart —> aorta —> bronchial arteries —> lungs

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14
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary flow?

A

pulmonary arteries take deoxygenated blood to the lung capillaries which are near alveoli to be oxygenated and sent to the rest of the body

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15
Q

Regarding pulmonary flow, each ———— receives a branch of the pulmonary artery.

A

lung lobule

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16
Q

What do the lung capillaries do during pulmonary flow?

A

receive deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries, oxygenate the blood, return it through pulmonary capillaries/venules/veins and back to the heart

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17
Q

What separates the two lungs?
Which lung has 3 lobes and which has 2?
Where are the apex and base of the lungs?

A

mediastinum
right has three (superior, middle, inferior) and left has two (superior, inferior)
apex is at the top, base at the bottom

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18
Q

Describe the tracheobronchial tree.

A

trachea
2 primary bronchi
secondary/lobar bronchi for each lobe
tertiary/segmental bronchi for each bronchopulmonary segment
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there in each lung?

A

10 in the right, 8 in the left

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20
Q

At what level do bronchi/bronchioles lose cartilage?

A

when they lose cartilage they become bronchioles

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21
Q

Briefly describe the flow of internal respiration.

A

oxygen from the blood moves into the tissue cells, and CO2 from the tissue moves into the blood

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22
Q

What does a terminal bronchiole supply?

A

1 lung lobule

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23
Q

What does each lobule contain?

A

lymph vessel, pulmonary arteriole, pulmonary venule, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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24
Q

At least how many alveoli share a duct?

A

at least 2

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25
Q

How many alveoli are in a normal lung?

A

300 million

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26
Q

What is the main component of the alveolar wall?

A

Type I Alveolar Cells

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27
Q

What are characteristics of the alveolar wall?

A

epithelial cells, very thin, tight junctions, prevent fluid leakage

28
Q

What is the role of Type II alveolar cells?

A

secrete surfactant

29
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

reduce the surface tension of water molecules, preventing alveolar collapse

30
Q

What is the importance of tight junctions in the alveolus?

A

prevent leaking of fluid

31
Q

What is ventilation? Explanation and what it is measured as.

A

the alternating flow of air into and out of the lungs
measured as rate of air movement into the lungs in liters/min

32
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation?

A

tidal volume (L/breath) x respiratory rate (breaths/minute) = minute ventilation in liters/minute

33
Q

What does V sub T indicate?

A

Tidal volume

34
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation?

A

tidal volume (L) x respiratory rate (breaths/minute) = pulnonary ventilation in L/min

35
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

(tidal volume - dead space volume) x respiratory rate (breaths/min)

36
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

region in the respiratory tract where no gas exchange occurs

37
Q

Right before you take a new breath in, how much air is in the dead space?

A

150 mL

38
Q

When you inhale, how much air from that new breath makes it into the alveoli, vs how much gets stuck in the dead space?

A

350 get in, 150 in dead space

39
Q

When you inhale, what happens to the 150 mL of old air that was sitting in the dead space before?

A

it moves down into the alveoli and part of the new air takes the dead space

40
Q

What are the components of the thoracic cage?

A

ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum

41
Q

What are “respiratory mechanics”?

A

how the respiratory muscles move the rib cage

42
Q

What does “respiratory pump” refer to?

A

the respiratory muscles, rib cage, pleural membranes, and lung elastic tissues

43
Q

Describe the lung membranes and their purpose.

A

the parietal pleura lines the thoracic cage, and the visceral pleura covers the lungs. They are made of serous tissue. Between them is the plural cavity, filled with serious fluid. This allows them to slide against each other with no friction but also without pulling apart from each other.

44
Q

What muscles contract during resting and a forced inspiration? What does each muscle do/move?

A

resting - external intercostals (move rib cage up and out) and diaphragm (flattens)
forced - ALSO the sternocleidomastoid (elevate sternum) and scalenes (raise top two ribs)

45
Q

What is the function of the inspiratory muscles?

A

expand the volume of the thorax driving movement of air into the lungs

46
Q

What is the primary inspiratory muscle?

A

diaphragm

47
Q

What is the function of the expiratory muscles?

A

reduce the diameter of the thorax driving movement of air out of the lungs

48
Q

What muscles contract during resting and forced exhalation? What does each muscle do/move?

A

resting: none
forced: internal intercostals (pull rubs down and in) and abdominal muscles (depress lower ribs, move diaphragm up and into the thorax)

49
Q

Given the muscle action during a relaxed expiration, what causes the pressure to change and air to move out?

A

the diaphragm relaxes and moves up into the thorax, which decreases volume, increases pressure, and drives air out of the lungs

50
Q

What is the relation (not numbers, just > or <) between the pressure in the lungs and atmospheric pressure during inspiration and expiration?

A

inspiration: atmospheric pressure is greater
expiration: lung pressure is greater

51
Q

The ability of the lungs to change in volume/pressure is dependent on what STRUCTURE? Why?

A

The pleural membranes, because they couple the lungs to the ribcage which is what expands and relaxes

52
Q

What is atmospheric pressure in San Diego and Tucson?

A

San Diego - 760 mmHg
Tucson - 705 mmHg

53
Q

When is the atmospheric pressure equal to lung pressure?

A

the tiny pause between inspiration and expiration

54
Q

How is the intrapleural pressure related to the atmospheric pressure at rest? (numbers)

A

It is always -4 mmHg (ex: San Diego is 760 mmHg, so Ppl is 756 mmHg)

55
Q

During inspiration, what happens to Ppl? What about expiration?

A

It drops more negative during inspiration, and rises during expiration but is always negative (total -6 during inspiration and -4 during expiration)

56
Q

During inspiration and expiration, how is the pressure in the lungs related to the atmospheric pressure? (with numbers)

A

during inspiration, it is 2 lower
during expiration, it is 2 higher

57
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure? (words and equation)

A

the pressure difference across a membrane
P inside - P outside
P alv (alveolar pressure) - Ppl (pleural pressure)

58
Q

What is lung compliance, words and equation?

A

measure of the ease with which the lungs can be inflated
delta Volume (mL) / delta Pressure (cmH20)

59
Q

What can decrease lung compliance?

A

thickening or stiffening of lung tissue from diseases like asbestosis

60
Q

What can increase lung compliance? Why is this bad?

A

COPD/emphysema increases FRC (functional residual capacity) which makes it harder for the lungs to recoil, and more air remains in the lungs.

61
Q

When lung compliance increases or decreases, what else is affected?

A

FRC (when compliance increases, so does FRC, when compliance decreases, so does FRC)

62
Q

What are all the terms for FRC?

A

functional residual capacity, end expiratory lung volume

63
Q

What is the meaning of FRC?

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration

64
Q

How are chest wall recoil, lung recoil, and FRC related? What is the importance of this?

A

at FRC, the chest wall recoil outward and the lung recoil inward are equal and opposite. This means that the lungs have a negative pleural pressure, which pulls on the lungs and prevents them from deflating

65
Q

Regarding gases, why is FRC important?

A

FRC is the volume that fresh air mixes with in order to increase O2 and decrease CO2.

66
Q

What is the result of a larger FRC? Why?

A

labored breathing
ratio of new air/old air is low, so you don’t fell like you get a good breath

67
Q

What is the result of a smaller FRC? Why?

A

large fluctuations and O2 and CO2
ratio of new air/old air is high, so you get a huge spike in O2 “concentration” followed by a huge spike in CO2 “concentration”

PSIO202 (27 decks)

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