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PSIO202 > Practical 3 - Endocrine > Flashcards

Practical 3 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

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2
Q

What two systems focus on intracellular communication?

A

nervous and endocrine

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3
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

produce and secrete hormones that regulate the activity of cells/organs to maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

What are some of the endocrine structures/locations?

A

pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes

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5
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts? What is their function?

A

they do not have ducts
they secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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6
Q

Do exocrine glands have ducts? What is their function?

A

they do have ducts
they secrete products through the ducts to the outside

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7
Q

What are tropic hormones? What are two examples?

A

hormones that target another endocrine gland, such as CRH and ACTH

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8
Q

What are the three types of cell signaling, and give a basic explanation?

A

autocrine - bind to receptors on itself
paracrine - bind to receptors on cells nearby
endocrine -aka circulating hormones, travel through the bloodstream to reach faraway cells

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9
Q

What are the three factors that differentiate nervous and endocrine signaling? What is the difference between nervous and endocrine?

A

speed - nervous is fast, endocrine is slow
distance/targets - nervous is nearby, endocrine is far away
duration of effects - nervous is short lasting, endocrine is long-lasting

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10
Q

What hormones also act as neurotransmitters? Definition and examples.

A

those which are produced by nervous tissue
ADH, oxytocin, melatonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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11
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

“master gland,” monitors and regulates many bodily functions

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12
Q

What types of tissue are the anterior and posterior pituitary gland composed of?

A

posterior - nervous (terminal axons of the hypothalamic neurons)
anterior - glandular epithelial

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13
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do? (include target cells)

A

stores and secretes hormones made by the hypothalamus, like oxytocin and ADH, into the bloodstream
oxytocin - uterus and mamary glands
ADH - kidneys

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14
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do? (include target cells)

A

produce various hormones and secrete them when stimulated by hormones from the hypothalamus
GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and PRL, MSH
GH - cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver, etc.
TSH - thyroid
FSH - testes/ovaries
LH - testes/ovaries
ACTH - adrenal cortex
PRL - mammary glands
MSH - skin

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15
Q

How are the anterior and posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

posterior - nerve axons
anterior - portal system

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16
Q

What is GH and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

growth hormone (also HGH) stimulates widespread tissue growth including bone, skeletal muscle, liver, cartilage, and fat

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17
Q

What is TSH and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

thyroid
thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones

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18
Q

What is FSH and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

testes and ovaries
follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates sperm and oocyte production and estrogen secretion

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19
Q

What is LH and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

testes/ovaries
luteinizing hormone
females - ovulation, estrogen, progesterone
males - testosterone

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20
Q

What is PRL and what does it do? (include target cells) (include target cells)

A

mammary gland
prolactin, stimulates milk synthesis

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21
Q

What is ACTH and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

stimulates the growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex

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22
Q

What is ADH and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

anti-diuretic hormone, promotes water retention
kidneys

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23
Q

What is OT and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction and milk release during suckling
uterus and mammary glands

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24
Q

Where is the pineal gland located? What does it do? (include target cells)

A

posterior to the thalamus in the brain
secretes melatonin which may influence mood, sexual maturation, and circadian rhythm

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25
Q

What is different about the pineal gland in kids?

A

It is much larger

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26
Q

Describe the physical and histology features of the thyroid gland.

A

bi lobed connected by an isthmus
histology shoes follicles which contain the precursor to hormones
C cells (parafollicular cells)

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27
Q

What does the thyroid gland do? (include target cells)

A

secrete T3 and T4 (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) which target most tissues and increase metabolic rate and heat production
C cells secrete calcitonin which targets/inhibits osteoclasts and decreases the blood calcium levels

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28
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

A

95% of people have 4

29
Q

What do the parathyroid glands do? (include target cells)

A

secrete parathyroid hormone which targets osteoclasts in the bone and increases the blood calcium levels

30
Q

What does the thymus do? (include target cells)

A

secrete thymosin, which targets T cells to stimulate T lymphocyte development and activity

31
Q

How is the adrenal gland organized?

A

medulla (middle)

cortex (inner to outer)
- zona reticularis
- zona fasciulata
- zona glomerulosa

32
Q

What type of tissue makes up the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

medulla - nervous
cortex - glandular

33
Q

What does each layer of the adrenal gland do? (include target cells)

A

medulla - secretes epi and norepi
zona reticularis - DHEA
zona fasciulata - cortisol
zona glomerulosa - aldosterone

34
Q

What is DHEA and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

targets uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involve din secondary sex characteristics

dehydroepiandrosterone, precursor of testosterone, indirectly promotes the growth of bones, pubic/axillary hair, and apocrine glands, and stimulates libido

35
Q

What is cortisol and what does it do? (include target cells)

A

targets liver, muscle, and cell involved in body defenses
glucocorticoid stress hormone, a steroid hormone that typically stays in your blood longer
targets most tissue of the body and promotes stress resistance, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, glucogenesis, and tissue repair

36
Q

What does aldosterone do? (include target cells)

A

targets kidneys to decrease sodium and water loss in urine, maintains blood pressure and volume

37
Q

What do epi and norepi do once produced by the adrenal medulla? (include target cells)

A

target most tissues to promote fight or flight response

38
Q

Are ovaries endocrine or exocrine? Why?

A

both
exocrine - house the ova which are released “outside” (into the uterus)
endocrine - estrogen (estradiol) and progesterone released into circulation

39
Q

What does estradiol do?

A

target the uterus, mammary glands, and other tissues to stimulate female reproductive development and regulate the menstrual cycle/pregnancy

40
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

target uterus and mammary glands to regulate menstrual cycle and pregnancy. But there are also some awesome ones, like yours, Madi, and Katie’s favorite.

41
Q

Are testes endocrine or exocrine? Why?

A

both
exocrine - sperm
endocrine - androgens (testosterone)

42
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

target the testes, muscles, and other tissues to stimulate male reproductive development, sperm production, and libido

43
Q

Because it is located behind the abdominal cavity, the pancreas is said to be….

A

retroperitoneal

44
Q

Is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine? Why?

A

both
exocrine - digestive enzymes into the small intestine
endocrine - glucagon and insulin

45
Q

In what structure of the pancreas is the endocrine portion found? What cells produce the endocrine hormones?

A

pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans, specifically the alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin

46
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

target liver to stimulate breakdown of glycogen to glucose, increasing blood glucose

47
Q

What does insulin do?

A

targets most tissues, decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating it’s uptake

48
Q

What is a glycemic index?

A

the system of assigning a number to carbohydrate-containing foods according to how much each will increase blood sugar compared to pure glucose

49
Q

What types of food have a low, medium, and high GI?

A

low - green vegetables, most fruit, raw carrots, kidney beans, chickpeas, lentils and bran breakfast cereal
medium - sweet corn, bananas, raw pineapple, raisins, oat breakfast cereals, and multigrain/oat bran/rye bread
high - white rice, white bread, potatoes

50
Q

What else can affect the GI of a certain food?

A

portion size, preparation, fat and protein added, and fiber
fat and protein decrease GI by delaying gastric emptying and stimulating insulin
fiber lowers GI

51
Q

What general system does the endocrine system use to maintain homeostasis?

A

feedback loops

52
Q

What is the purpose of a negative feedback loop? What are three hormones that use a negative feedback loop?
What is a “real life” example of a negative feedback loop?

A

the purpose is to oppose the original stimuli
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), FSH, and LH
regulation of blood glucose

53
Q

What is the purpose of a positive feedback loop?
What is a “real life” example of a positive feedback loop?

A

the purpose is to amplify the original stimuli
childbirth and breastfeeding are common examples involving oxytocin

54
Q

Cushing’s disease is a type of ———-.

A

hypercortisolism

55
Q

What causes Cushing’s disease opposed to Cushing’s syndrome?

A

it is caused by a benign tumor in the zona fasciculata (middle zone) of the adrenal gland

56
Q

How does the tumor in the adrenal gland cause Cushing’s disease?

A

tumor causes ACTH hypersecretion by the anterior pituitary which leads to an overproduction of cortisol

57
Q

What other things does cortisol regulate that may be affected in Cushing’s disease?

A

carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
control blood pressure
controls solute balance
anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

58
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Cushing’s disease?

A

hypertension, fat deposits (buffalo hump or moon face), muscle weakness, poor wound healing, ease of bruising, stretch marks (abdomen or axillary), severe fatigue

59
Q

What is the prevalence of Cushing’s disease?

A

60-70% of cases of Cushing’s syndrome are Cushing’s disease (specifically caused by a tumor)
Extremely rare - 1-2 cases per million people per year
5x more common in women

60
Q

What are the treatments for Cushing’s disease?

A

removal of pituitary adenoma (80-90% cure rate)
partial removal of pituitary gland
medications that reduce or inhibit cortisol production
removal of bilateral adrenal glands (rare)
radiation therapy (for patients who are high risk or failed surgery)

61
Q

What area of the brian does Cushing’s disease affect?

A

anterior pituitary

62
Q

Is Cushing’s disease reversible?

A

Yes

63
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland produce hormones? Where does it get them?

A

No, it stores and releases ADH and OT produced by the hypothalamus

64
Q

Specifically, the structure that connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is called a ———-.

A

portal

65
Q

C cells (which produce calcitonin) are also called…

A

parafollicular cells

66
Q

What two structures/locations impact calcium levels?

A

parafollicular cells - calcitonin
parathyroid glands - PTH (stimulates osteoclasts)

67
Q

What is the hormone released from the thymus, and what is its target?

A

thymosin, targets T cells

68
Q

When viewing adrenal gland histology, what is the VERY MOST superficial layer?

A

the capsule

69
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?
The testes?

A

estradiol and progesterone

PSIO202 (27 decks)

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