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PSIO202 > Practical 2 - Lymphatic > Flashcards

Practical 2 - Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

The immune system is a collection of….

A

immune cells

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Organ system where most immune responses occur

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3
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

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4
Q

Where are T and B cells first produced?

A

the bone marrow

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5
Q

Where do T and B cells mature?

A

T cells - thymus
B cells - red bone marrow

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6
Q

What type of immunity do the T cells provide?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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7
Q

What type of immunity do the B cells provide?

A

antibody-mediated immunity

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8
Q

What type of cells come from the T cells?

A

Memory T cells, Helpter T cells, Cytotoxic T Cells

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9
Q

What type of cells come from B cells?

A

Memory B cells, plasma cells

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10
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

release antibodies

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11
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A

save the knowledge for later so that immune response is faster in the future

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12
Q

What do memory T cells (both C and H types) do?

A

save the info for later in case the antigen returns again

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13
Q

What do the cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill things seen as a threat with the antigen

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14
Q

What does the helper T cell do?

A

gives the cytotoxic T cells permission to kill and differentiates into memory Th cells

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15
Q

What does the T cell directly differentiate into? What do those things differentiate into?

A

T cell —> cytotoxic Tc and helper Th

helper Th —> memory Th
cytotoxic Tc —> memory Tc

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16
Q

What do the B cells directly differentiate into?

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

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17
Q

When are T and B cells activated?

A

when an antigen is presented

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18
Q

What do the natural killer cells do?

A

kill cancer cells and infected host cells

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19
Q

What type of cell is a natural killer cell? What is their general purpose in the immune system?

A

They are a cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system, so they act immediately without “thinking”

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20
Q

What do monocytes/macrophages do?

A

“big eaters” which clear debris and present antigens to other cells

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21
Q

What do dendritic and reticular cells do?

A

present antigens to other cells

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22
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a molecule capable of causing an immune response

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23
Q

What is an antibody?

A

immunoglobulin, protein produced by plasma cells to bind a specific antigen and mark it for elimination or destruction

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24
Q

What types of antibodies do people with A, B, AB, and O blood have? Do not consider Rh.

A

A = anti-B
B = anti-A
AB = none
O = anti-A and anti-B

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25
Q

Where are the blood-type antigens found?

A

on erythrocytes

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26
Q

What type of antibodies do people who are Rh- and Rh+ have? Do not consider letter type.

A

Rh- = anti-Rh if they have been exposed to Rh+
Rh+ = none

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27
Q

What type of antibodies are the antibodies against A and B antigens? What type are the antibodies against Rh antigens?

A

A and B antibodies = IgM, big pentamers
Rh antibodies = IgG, smaller monomers

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28
Q

What happens to antibodies when blood donations are processed?

A

antibodies are removed

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29
Q

What 2 things happen if incompatible blood types mix?

A

agglutination and hemolysis (destruction of erythrocytes)

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30
Q

On a blood type plate, what does agglutination indicate? Give an example using the A well.

A

That antigen is present. So if A agglutinates, then the blood has A antigens. If Rh agglutinates, Rh antigen is present.

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31
Q

On a blood type plate, what does it mean if none of the wells have agglutination?

A

That person is O-

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32
Q

On a blood type plate, what does it mean if all of the wells have agglutination?

A

That person is AB+

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33
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient? Why?

A

AB+, because they have the antigens for everything and therefore no antibodies to anything

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34
Q

What blood type if the universal donor? Why?

A

O-, because they don’t have any antigens and therefore will not bind to any antibody that someone may have

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35
Q

Explain hemolytic disease of the newborn.

A

When a mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+, during the birth the mother and baby’s blood mixes exposing her to the Rh antigen and develop antibodies. If she has a second Rh+ baby, the antibodies will cross the placenta and lead to hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes.

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36
Q

Why can the Rh antigens cross the placenta and cause harm, but the antigens from a baby with a different blood type (B instead of A, for example) is not dangerous?

A

Antibodies for a blood type letter are big, pentamer IgM that can’t cross that barrier. Rh antibodies are smaller IgG monomers that can cross the barrier.

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37
Q

What is agglutination? What is hemolysis?

A

agglutination: antibodies from one phenotype bind to the antigens of the other phenotype and cause the blood to get clumpy (not clots)
hemolysis: bursting (destruction) of the erythrocytes

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38
Q

What symptoms can happen in the second baby if a Rh- mother does not get RhoGAM?

A

the baby can have jaundice or a swollen liver

39
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

location for immune responses, collect and return ISF, deliver lipids and lipid soluble vitamins from small intestine to blood

40
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic organs, tissues, vessels and lymph itself

41
Q

Where is the lymphatic system? (vessels and nodes)

A

lymphatic vessels are everywhere, nodes are scattered by mostly in the trunk

42
Q

What are the two ways that the components of the lymphatic system can be categorized?

A

organs vs. tissues
primary vs. secondary

43
Q

In the lymphatic system, what makes something an organ? What are the lymphatic organs?

A

surrounded by a capsule
thymus, spleen, red bone marrow, lymph nodes

44
Q

In the lymphatic system, what makes something a tissue? What are the lymphatic tissues?

A

no capsule
nodules (MALTs) and aggregations of nodules (Peyer’s patches, tonsils)

45
Q

What makes something primary? What are the primary organs and tissues?

A

site of lymphocyte production and maturation (where they gain immunocompetence)
thymus, red bone marrow

46
Q

What makes something secondary? What are the secondary organs and tissues?

A

sites where lymphocytes initiate adaptive immune response
spleen, appendix, lymph nodes, nodules, MALT, Peyer’s Patch, etc.

47
Q

How is the spleen categorized? Where is it located?

A

secondary lymphatic organ, posterior and lateral to the stomach on the left side of the body

48
Q

What does the spleen do in the lymphatic system?

A

filter blood, eliminate old erythrocytes, reservoir for thrombocytes

49
Q

What are the 2 main features of the spleen’s histology? What do they look like?

A

white pulp (purple) and red pulp (redish pink)

50
Q

What is in the red pulp of the spleen?

A

erythrocytes and thrombocytes

51
Q

What is in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

52
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

filter lymph and site of T and B cell activation

53
Q

Know the location of the cervical, inguinal, intestinal, iliac, submandibular, bronchial, axillary, and mammary nodes

A
54
Q

Are there more afferent or efferent veins to the lymph node? Why?

A

more afferent because the cortex takes time to filter the lymph, so the amount coming in is more than the amount going out.

55
Q

When lymph enters a node through the afferent lymphatic vessel, what does it pass through to get to the efferent lymphatic vessel?

A

afferent lymphatic vessel
subcapsular sinus
trabecular sinus
medullary sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel

56
Q

What is a MALT? Where are they?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue - single nodules in the connective tissue of mucous membranes
respiratory, GI, urinary, reproductive tracts

57
Q

What is a Peyer’s patch?

A

aggregations of nodules in the small intestine

58
Q

What are tonsils?

A

aggregations of nodules

59
Q

Which tonsils are paired and singular?

A

1 pharyngeal
2 palatine
2 lingual

60
Q

What are the features of lymphatic vessels?

A

thin walls, valves, nodes, contain lymph and leukocytes, closed at one end

61
Q

What vein does all lymph eventually end up dumping into?

A

the subclavian veins

62
Q

What facilitates the return of lymph to the heart?

A

muscle, respiratory, and arterial pumps, but primarily the rhythmic contraction of the lymphatic vessel after fluid stretches the walls

63
Q

Which lymphatic vein dumps into the right subclavian vein?

A

The right lymphatic duct

64
Q

What lymphatic vein dumps into the left subclavian vein?

A

the thoracic duct

65
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

the right upper appendage, right half of the thoracic region, right half of the cervical region, and right half of the face and head

66
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

both lower appendages, the abdomen, the left upper appendage, left half of the thoracic and cervical region, left half of the face and head

67
Q

What is the general lymphatic flow?

A

location ISF, lymph capillaries, afferent lymph vessel, nodes, efferent lymph vessel, lymphatic trunk, duct, subclavian vein, right atrium

68
Q

What do efferent lymph vessels connect?
word bank: nodes, trunks, ducts

A

nodes to trunks

69
Q

Everything that dumps into the thoracic duct comes through the —–

A

cisterna chyli

70
Q

What is elaphantiasis?

A

tropical disease characterized by gross enlargement of an area of the body, especially the limbs

71
Q

What is elephantiasis caused by (another disease)?

A

lymphatic filariasis

72
Q

How does a person acquire lymphatic filariasis?

A

moquito ingests blood from an infected person—> leaves infective larvae on skin —> filarial parasitic worm —> nest in lymphatic vessels and disrupt normal function

73
Q

When are filarial parasitic worms usually acquired? How long do they live?

A

childhood, live 5-7 years

74
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of elephantiasis?

A

starts asymptomatic, but then leads to lymphoedema (tissue swelling) and elaphantiasis (thickening of skin and tissue), bacterial infections

75
Q

Why are bacterial infections common in elephantiasis?

A

lymphatic damage diminishes the defenses against bacteria

76
Q

What is the prevalence of elephantiasis?

A

120 million people in the tropics and subtropic of Southeast Asia, India, Africa, and South America

77
Q

What put a person at higher risk of elephantiasis?

A

repeated mosquito bites over several months where disease is common

78
Q

How can elephantiasis be prevented?

A

mosquito nets, clothes that cover skin

79
Q

What are treatments for elephantiasis, both parasitic and clinical symptoms?

A

parasite - diethylcarbamazine (DEC) kills the worms

clinical symptoms -
DEC is not effective
Doxycycline can prevent lymphedema from worsening
Lymphedema specialist for basic principles of care
Surgery in severe cases

80
Q

How is elephantiasis acquired and trasmitted?

A

mosquitos

81
Q

What chronic conditions does lymphatic filariasis lead to?

A

elephantiasis and lymphedema

82
Q

Where does lymph from the inguinal node go to?

A

iliac and intestinal nodes

83
Q

Where does the lymph from the iliac and intestinal nodes go to?

A

lumbar and intestinal trunks (both nodes to both trunks)

84
Q

Where does the lymph from the submandibular node go to?

A

jugular trunk

85
Q

Where does the lymph from the cervical node go to?

A

jugular trunk

86
Q

Where does the lymph from the mammary nodes go to?

A

axillary nodes and straight to the subclavian trunk

87
Q

Where does the lymph from the axillary nodes go to?

A

subclavian trunk

88
Q

What trunks dump into the cysterna chyli?

A

lumbar and intestinal trunks

89
Q

What trunks dump into the left side of the thoracic duct OR right lymphatic duct?

A

jugular and subclavian

90
Q

What structure dumps straight into the thoracic duct?

A

cisterna chyli

91
Q

Lymph from what nodes can end up in the right lymphatic duct OR left side of the thoracic duct?

A

submandibular, cervical, axillary, mammary

92
Q

Lymph from what nodes goes only to the thoracic duct?

A

iliac, inguinal, intestinal

93
Q

What are the four lymphatic trunks? What two dump into the thoracic duct only?

A

lumbar, intestinal, jugular, and subclavian. Lumbar and intestinal dump into the thoracic duct only.

94
Q

What do the afferent lymph vessels do?

A

carry lymph to the nodes

PSIO202 (27 decks)

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