Practical #3

Question 1

tidal volume

Answer 1

volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during a normal breathing cycle

Question 2

vital capacity

Answer 2

all the air that can be moved into and out of the lungs by breathing

Question 3

ERV

Answer 3

Volume of air which can be forcefully exhaled below a normal tidal volume

Question 4

IRV

Answer 4

Volume of air which can be forcefully inhaled above a normal tidal volume

Question 5

TLC

Answer 5

all the air in the lungs from completely empty to completely full

Question 6

Residual volume

Answer 6

the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after forced exhale

Question 7

respiratory rate

Answer 7

number of breaths per minute

Question 8

what did we use to measure lung volume

Answer 8

the spirometer

Question 9

how do you calculate respiratory minute volume

Answer 9

(RMV) = TV x RR (breathing rate)

Question 10

vital capacity formula

Answer 10

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

Question 11

% of predicted VC

Answer 11

% of predicted VC = (your average VC/predicted VC) x 100

Question 12

urinalysis experiment (the steps we took)

Answer 12

1. obtain urine sample 2. dip test strips in urine 3. wait 60 secs until reading 4. compare colors to provided key

Question 13

normal color of urine

Answer 13

pale yellow

Question 14

normal ph of urine

Answer 14

4.5-8

Question 15

Normal is to be negative for what in urine

Answer 15

glucose, proteins, ketones, RBCs, Bilirubin, WBCs.

Question 16

specific gravity

Answer 16

the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard. urine compared to water is usually 1.02-1.05

Question 17

casts?

Answer 17

the urinary sediments that are formed by coagulation of albuminous material in the kidney tubules.

Question 18

pyuria

Answer 18

pus in the urine usually from infection

Question 19

albuminuria

Answer 19

albumine in urine usually from kidney disease

Question 20

glycosuria

Answer 20

has glucose in urine which is a sign of diabetes

Question 21

hematuria

Answer 21

blood in urine. kidney problems

Question 22

hemoglobinuria

Answer 22

hemoglobin in urine. can indicate RBC destruction

Question 23

ketonuria

Answer 23

ketone bodies in urine can show diabetes mellitus or starvation

Question 24

acid

Answer 24

substance that causes increase in H+

Question 25

base

Answer 25

substance that removes H+

Question 26

buffer

Answer 26

substance that can act as either acid or base, depending on the needs

Question 27

normal blood ph

Answer 27

7.35-7.45

Question 28

below 7.35 ph

Answer 28

acidosis

Question 29

above 7.45 ph

Answer 29

alkalosis

Question 30

normal pCO2 of blood

Answer 30

35-45. above is acidosis. below is alkalosis

Question 31

normal HCO3 of blood

Answer 31

22-26. above is alkalosis. below is acidosis

Question 32

Causes for respiratory acidosis

Answer 32

hypoventilation, rebreathing, hypercapnia (too much CO2), respiratory problems like emphysema, heart failure

Question 33

Respiratory compensation for respiratory acidosis

Answer 33

increase rate of breathing (get rid of CO2)

Question 34

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis

Answer 34

excrete H+ and conserve bicarbonate

Question 35

does respiratory or renal compensation happen first

Answer 35

respiratory compensation happens first and is the faster response and if it doesn’t solve the problem then there is renal compensation

Question 36

Causes for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 36

hypocapnia, hyperventilation due to pain, anxiety, etc

Question 37

Respiratory compensation for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 37

lower respiratory rate solves the problem, no renal compensation necessary.

Question 38

Causes for metabolic acidosis:

Answer 38

increased acid production by muscles, diarrhea

Question 39

Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis

Answer 39

increase rate of breathing (get rid of CO2)

Question 40

Renal compensation for metabolic acidosis

Answer 40

excrete H+ and conserve bicarbonate

Question 41

Causes for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 41

increased bicarbonate levels, vomiting

Question 42

Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 42

lower respiratory rate

Question 43

Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 43

excrete bicarbonate and conserve H+

Question 44

chemical buffers in the body

Answer 44

carbonic acid bircarbinate buffer system, protein buffers, and phosphate buffers