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PH 111 - Pharmacognosy & Plant Chemistry (Lec) > PRELIM 01 - History of Pharmacognosy > Flashcards

PRELIM 01 - History of Pharmacognosy Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Refers to the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs of natural origin

A

Pharmacognosy

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2
Q

Pharmacognosy was coined by __________

A

J.A. Schmidt

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3
Q

Yarrow, marshmallow, grounsel, centaury, ephedra, and muscari were used by the Neanderthals (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

Prehistoric era

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4
Q

Cave in Iraq that was the burial site of Neanderthals during the prehistoric era

A

Shanidar cave

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5
Q

Scientific name of Neanderthals

A

Homo neaderthalensis

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6
Q

6 plants used by the Neanderthals during the prehistoric era (YMGCEM)

A

Yarrow, Marshmallow, Grounsel, Centaury, Ephedra, Muscari

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7
Q

__________ was polished to create tools to clear trees and help farming

A

Stone

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8
Q

Food gathering transformed to become a food producing economy (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

New stone age

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9
Q

Men compiled remedies and wrote them down (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

New stone age

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10
Q

Women prepared food and healing potions; they also practiced herbalism (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

New stone age

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11
Q

During the New Stone age, __________ cultivated and gathered over 200 different plants

A

Lake dwellers

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12
Q

6 plants cultivated and gathered by lake dwellers during the New Stone age (PSFVSM)

A

Papaver somniferum, Sambucus ebulus, Fumaria officinalis, Verbena officinalis, Saponaria officinalis, Menyanthes trifoliate

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13
Q

Modern name of Mesopotamia

A

Iraq

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14
Q

Word that means “The Land between the Rivers”

A

Mesopotamia

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15
Q

2 rivers that surround Mesopotamia (TE)

A

Tigris, Euphrates

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16
Q

Cuneiform writing was invented (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

Ancient Mesopotamia

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17
Q

__________ was one of the earliest forms of writing; consists of wedge-shaped patterns made in wet mud tablets using a stylus

A

Cuneiform writing

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18
Q

The largest and oldest surviving medical treatise from ancient Mesopotamia

A

Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis

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19
Q

The __________ provided the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary

A

Babylonians

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20
Q

3 practitioners of healing in Ancient Mesopotamia (PPP)

A

Priest, Pharmacist, Physician

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21
Q

2 professional medical practitioners in Ancient Mesopotamia (AA)

A

Ashipu, Asu

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22
Q

Was the “sorcerer”; they diagnose the ailment (Professional medical practitioners in Ancient Mesopotamia)

A

Ashipu

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23
Q

Was the “physician”; they are specialists in herbal remedies (Professional medical practitioners in Ancient Mesopotamia)

A

Asu

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24
Q

The oldest deciphered writing containing 265 laws; recommends the application of sesame oil which acted as an antibacterial agent

A

Law code of Hammurabi

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25
The Law Code of Hammurabi contains __________ laws
265
26
One of the texts in the Law Code of Hammurabi recommends the application of dressing consisting mainly of __________, which acts as an antibacterial agent
Sesame oil
27
Ebers papyrus, Edwin Smith papyrus, and Kahun medical papyrus were invented (Era in pharmacognosy history)
Ancient Egypt
28
A papyrus that is the most complete medical document existing with a collection of 800 prescriptions and 700 drugs; from Ancient Egypt
Ebers papyrus
29
Papyrus that contains surgical instructions and formulas for cosmetics; from Ancient Egypt
Edwin Smith papyrus
30
Edwin Smith bought the Ebers papyrus in __________
1862
31
Papyrus that deals with the health of women, including birthing instructions; from Ancient Egypt
Kahun medical papyrus
32
Ayurveda was invented (Era in pharmacognosy history)
Ancient India
33
Term used for the traditional medicine of Ancient India
Ayurveda
34
Indian word which means "life"
Ayur
35
Indian word which means "study"
Veda
36
The golden rule of ayurveda
Eat slowly and mindfully
37
He was the "Father of Pharmacognosy"
Pedanius Dioscorides
38
Date when Pedanius Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica
AD 60
39
In AD 60, Pedanius Dioscorides wrote __________
De Materia Medica
40
Covers aromatic oils, the plants that provide them, and ointments made from them (Volume of De Materia Medica)
Volume I (Aromatics)
41
Covers an assortment of topics, including animals like sea creatures, dairy produce, cereals, vegetables, and sharp herbs (Volume of De Materia Medica)
Volume II (Animals to herbs)
42
Covers roots, seeds, and herbs (Volume of De Materia Medica)
Volume III (Roots, seeds, and herbs)
43
Describes further the roots and herbs not covered in Volume III (Volume of De Materia Medica)
Volume IV (Roots and herbs)
44
Covers the grapevine, wine made from it, strong medicinal potions, and various metal compounds (Volume of De Materia Medica)
Volume V (Vines, wines, and minerals)
45
Was known as the "nature doctor" he utilized simple nature remedies in healing in Ancient Greece
Hippokrates
46
He wrote De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum
Theophrastus
47
Theophrastus wrote __________ and __________ (DD)
De Historia Plantarum, De Causis Plantarum
48
He was the earliest source of Greek medical knowledge and descriptions of ancient Greece
Homer
49
2 epic poems made by Homer (IO)
Iliad, Odyssey
50
An epic poem made by Homer that contains more information concerning treatment of injuries
Iliad
51
He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream
Galen
52
Galen's name is associated with a class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means, known as __________
Galenicals
53
3 main ingredients of cold cream (ROB)
Rosewater, Olive oil or Almond oil, Beeswax
54
He was Persian who wrote the Kitab ash-shifa (Book of healing) and the Canon of Medicine
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
55
A vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia written by Avicenna
Kitab ash-shifa (Book of Healing)
56
Is among the most famous books in the history of medicine; written by Avicenna
Canon of Medicine
57
Was a famous and influential medical and health center in Italy
School of Salerno
58
He was the one who introduced Arabian medicine into Europe
Constantine the African
59
2 books written by Constantine the African (ER)
Experiments of Cohpon, Regimen Sanitatis Salerni
60
Was an instruction for maintaining good health; written by Constantine the African
Regimen Sanitatis Salerni
61
Regimen Sanitatis Salerni was known as __________ or __________ (FT)
Flos medicinae (Lilium medicinae), The flower of medicine (Lily of medicine)
62
In a monastic pharmacy, ____________ gathered herbs and simples in the field or raised them in their own herb garden
Monks
63
A pastor and naturalist who was the town physician at Bern during the Renaissance era
Otto Brunfels
64
Otto Brunfels wrote __________, that contains 135 original detailed woodcuts of plants
Herbarum vivae eicones
65
He was the first to create a system of botany that classified plants into three categories during the Renaissance era
Hieronymus Bock
66
3 categories of plants made by Hieronymus Bock (HST)
Herbs, Shrubs, Trees
67
Refers to the science of plant description
Phytography
68
His work is one of the most beautiful books printed with full-page illustrations; he added 100 plants that were not mentioned in earlier herbals
Fuchs Leonhart
69
The genus __________ was named in honor of Fuchs Leonhart
Fuchsia
70
He was a botanist and physician during the Renaissance era who was the personal physician of Ferdinand II, Emperor Maximillian II, and to the Holy Roman Emperor
Pietro Andrea Mattioli
71
He was the one who developed the first microscope in Holland
Zacharias Jansen
72
He wrote the Micrographia; he was the one who discovered plant cells
Robert Hooke
73
He was the Father of Microbiology; he invented the first practical microscopes
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
74
He discovered the use of digitalis and published "An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medical Uses"
William Withering
75
He discovered morphine and recognized the importance of a new class of organic compounds, alkaloids
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
76
2 individuals who isolated emetine, strychnine, brucine, quinine, and cinchonine (JP)
Joseph Bieniamin Caventou, Pierre Joseph Pelletier
77
Emetine was isolated from __________ in 1817
Ipecacuanha
78
Strychnine and brucine was isolated from __________ in 1818
Nux vomica
79
Quinine and cinchonine, which are both antimalarial drugs, was isolated from the __________ in 1820
Cinchona bark
80
Public pharmacies in Europe began to appear in the __________ century
17th
81
In __________, pharmacy was separated from medicine by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen who was an Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily
1240
82
In 1240, pharmacy was separated from medicine by __________ who was an Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
83
The place where the separation of pharmacy and medicine happened
Palace Palermo

PH 111 - Pharmacognosy & Plant Chemistry (Lec) (39 decks)

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