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BOC studying > Prentice Ch. 6 - Environmental Considerations > Flashcards

Prentice Ch. 6 - Environmental Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperthermia

A

elevated body temperature

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2
Q

metabolic heat production

A

the higher the metabolic rate, the more heat produced

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3
Q

heat can be gained or lost though:

A
  1. metabolic heat production
  2. conductive heat exchange
  3. convective heat exchange
  4. radiant heat exchange
  5. evaporative heat loss
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4
Q

Conductive Heat exchange

A

physical contact with other objects can result in either a heat loss or a heat gain
ex. standing on turf

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5
Q

Convective heat exchange

A

occurs when a mass of either air or water moves around an individual, body heat is either lost or gained
ex. cool wind

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6
Q

Radiant Heat Exchange

A

radiant heat from sunshine causes an increase in body temperature
- during exercise the body attempts to dissipate heat produced by metabolism by dilating superficial arterial and venous vessels thus channeling blood to the superficial capillaries in the skin.

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7
Q

Evaporative Heat Loss

A

sweat glands in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface, where it evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it.

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8
Q

Rate of sweat

A
  • normal person can sweat off about 1 quart of water per hour for about 2 hours.
  • however, certain individuals can lose as much as 2 quarts of water (4 lbs) per hour
  • sweat must evaporate for heat to be dissipated
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9
Q

Impairing heat loss

A

it is impaired when relative humidity reaches 65% and virtually stops when the humidity reaches 75%

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10
Q

Prevention of hyperthermia

A
  • appropriate hydration
  • unrestricted fluid and electrolyte replacement
  • gradual acclimatization
  • identification of susceptible individuals
  • appropriate uniforms
  • weight records
  • monitoring of the heat index
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11
Q

Hydration

A
  • ingesting sufficient fluids in the 24 hrs before exercise
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12
Q

Mild Dehydration

A
  • loss of less than 2% of body weight
  • rehydrate with sports drink/water
  • fluid intake should = fluid loss
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13
Q

sweat loss/fluid replacement

A
  • normal sweat loss for a person doing an hour of exercise ranges between 0.8 and 3L with an avg. of 1.5L/hr
  • once body weight drops to 1-2% the individual becomes thirsty
  • by the time thirst develops the body is already slightly dehydrated
  • most people replace only 50% of the water they lose
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14
Q

Electrolyte replacement

A
  • well formulated sports drink is more effective than using water alone
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15
Q

Why is water a bad rehydrator

A
  • water is a good thirst quencher but it is not a good rehydrator because it turns off thirst before the body is completely rehydrated
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16
Q

sports drinks best formulation

A

14g per 8oz of water of carbohydrate (6% carbohydrate) produces the quickest fluid absorption

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17
Q

Gradual Acclimatization

A
  • a good preseason conditioning program started well before the advent of the competitive season and carefully grades as to intensity is recommended
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18
Q

Gradual Acclimatization timeline

A
  • 7-10 days
  • the first 5-6 days an 80% acclimatization can be achieved by 2 hr practice period in the morning & in the afternoon
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19
Q

practice breakdown

A

20 mins of work with 20 mins of rest in the shade

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20
Q

Identifying susceptible individuals

A
  • overweight/large muscle mass
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21
Q

Selecting appropriate uniforms

A
  • should be selected on basis of temperature and humidity
  • initial practices should be in t-shirts shorts and socks
  • move gradually into short-sleeved net jerseys & lightweight pants
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22
Q

Maintaining weight records

A
  • weights should be measured both before and after practice for at least the first 2 weeks of practice or as long as hot, humid conditions persist
  • a loss of greater than 2% of body weight indicates that the athlete is severely dehydrated and should be held out of practice until normal body weight has returned
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23
Q

WGBT

A
  • wet bulb globe temperature
  • provides the ATC with an objective means for determining necessary precautions for practice and competition in hot weather
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24
Q

Dry bulb temperature (DBT)

A
  • recorded from a standard mercury thermometer
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25
Q

Wet bulb temperature (WBT)

A
  • recorded from a wet wick or piece of gauze wrapped around the end of a thermometer that is swung around in the air
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26
Q

Globe Temperature (GT)

A

measures the suns radiation and has a black metal casing around the end of the thermometer

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27
Q

WGBT equation

A

WBGT = 0.1 x DBT + 0.7 x WBT + GT x 0.2

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28
Q

Equation for only WBT & DBT

A

WBGT = 0.3 x DBT + 0.7 x WBT

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29
Q

Psychrometer

A
  • two identical thermometers - when cloth is soaked the thermometers are properly ventilated
  • the wet bulb temp will be lower than the dry club because of the cooling due to the evaporation of the water from the cloth
  • takes around 90 seconds
  • old sling psychrometer may have the greatest accuracy
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30
Q

Heat Rash

A
  • also called prickly heat
  • benign condition
  • sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating
  • usually occurs when the skin is continuously wet with unevaporated sweat
  • localize to areas covered with clothing
  • continually toweling the body can help prevent the rash from developing
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31
Q

Heat Syncope

A
  • also called heat collapse
  • rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat
  • occurs from by standing in heat for long periods or by not being accustomed fro exercising in the heat
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32
Q

Heat Syncope cause

A
  • caused by vasodilation of superficial vessels, hypotension or a pooling of blood in the extremities which results in dizziness, fainting and nausea
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33
Q

Heat Syncope relief

A
  • laying athlete down in a cool environment, elevating the lower extremities and replacing fluids
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34
Q

Exertional Heat Cramps

A
  • painful muscle spasms and cramps that occur mainly in the lower extremities and abdomen
35
Q

Exertional Heat Cramp cause

A
  • excessive loss of water and several electrolytes or ions (sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) but especially sodium
  • its caused by an imbalance of water and electrolytes
36
Q

People who get Heat Cramps

A
  • in fairly good condition

- but is not acclimatized to the heat

37
Q

Heat Cramp Prevention

A
  • adequate replacement of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, calcium and most important, fluids
  • ingestion of salt tablets
  • simply salting food might also replace sodium levels
  • eat a banana, milk/cheese
38
Q

Immediate treatment of Heat Cramps

A
  • ingestion of large quantities of fluids preferably a sports drink, and mild, prolonged stretching with ice massage of the muscle in spasm
39
Q

Exertional Heat Exhaustion

A
  • occurs from environmental heat stress and strenuous physical exercise
40
Q

Exertional heat exhaustion causes

A
  • dehydration

- becomes unable to sustain adequate cardiac output and thus cannot continue intense exercise

41
Q

heat exhaustion signs & symptoms

A
  • rectal temperature of below 104
  • no evidence of CNS dysfunction
  • dehydration/electrolyte depletion
  • pale skin
  • profuse sweating
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting or diarrhea
  • headache
  • persistent muscle cramps
  • dizziness with loss of coordination
42
Q

heat exhaustion treatment

A
  • immediately remove them from play
  • take to a shaded area
  • or air conditioning
  • excess clothing should be removed
  • lie them down with legs elevated
  • rectal temp should be lowered to 101 degrees
  • water and sports drinks as long as they aren’t nauseous or vomiting
  • IV fluids if can’t orally
  • continuously monitor HR, BP and core temperature
  • if rapid improvement is not seen they needed to be transported
43
Q

Exertional Heatstroke

A
  • life threatening

- induced by strenuous physical exercise and increased environmental heat stress

44
Q

Heatstroke Characterized

A

CNS abnormalities and potential tissue damage resulting from a significantly elevated body temperature

  • can occur suddenly and without warning
  • altered consciousness
  • seizures
  • confusion
  • emotional instability
  • rectal temp is 104 or above
  • hot flushed skin
  • sweating about 75 percent of the time
45
Q

other symptoms of heatstoke

A
  • shallow fast breathing
  • rapid strong pulse
  • nausea or vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • headache
  • dizziness or weakness
  • decreased blood pressure
  • dehydration
  • body loses the ability to dissipate heat through sweating
46
Q

What to do with heatstroke

A
  • get athlete into a cool environment, strip of all clothing and immerse the athlete in a cold-water bath (35-58 degrees)
  • if no bath you must sponge with cool water and a fan with a towel
  • place ice at neck, armpits, under knees (major arteries)
  • lower rectal temp to 101
  • call the rescue squad
  • cool first then transport
47
Q

RTP heatstroke

A

-exercise for a minimum of 1 week and gradually return to full practice after being completely asymptomatic and cleared by a physician

48
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A
  • rare
  • genetic
  • inherited
  • hypersensitivity to anesthesia and extreme exercise in hot environments
  • characterized by muscle breakdown
49
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia S&S

A
  • muscle pain after exercise
  • rectal temp remains elevated for 10 to 15 minutes after exercise
  • can cause acute renal failure
  • can be fatal if not treated immediately
  • should be disqualified from competing in hot humid environments
50
Q

Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A
  • sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin (muscle protein) into the vascular system
51
Q

Rhabdo S&S

A
  • happens during intense exercise in extremely hot and humid environmental conditions
  • gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling and pain in the presence of darkened urine and renal dysfunction
  • sever cases see sudden collapse, renal failure and death
  • associated with sickle-cell trait
52
Q

Exertional Hyponatremia

A
  • fluid/electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood
  • usually caused by ingesting so much fluid before, during and after exercise that the concentration of sodium is decreased
  • can be too little salt in the diet
53
Q

Hyponatremia information

A
  • athlete who has a high rate of sweating, and a significant loss of sodium, continues to ingest large quantities of fluid over a several-hour period of exercise
  • marathon runners
  • can be avoided obviously
54
Q

Hyponatremia S&S

A
  • worsening headache
  • nausea and vomiting
  • swelling of the hands and feet
  • lethargy
  • apathy
  • agitation
  • low blood sodium
55
Q

Guidelines for athletes who intentionally lose weight

A
  • weight loss to make a predetermined weight limit should not be accomplished though dehydration
  • should be over several weeks or even months
  • result from a reduction in the percentage of body fat relative to lean body mass
56
Q

Hypothermia

A
  • abnormally low body temperature
57
Q

Conditions needed for hypothermia

A
  • cold
  • wind
  • dampness
58
Q

Where is heat lost?

A
  • 65% of the heat produced by the body is lost through radiation
  • loss occurs though the head and neck which may account for as much as 50% of the loss
  • 20% of heat loss is though evaporation of which 2/3 is though the skin and 1/3 is though the respiratory tract
59
Q

Shivering

A
  • ceases below a body temperature of 85 degrees to 90 degrees
  • death is imminent if the core temp drops to between 77 degrees
60
Q

Prevention of hypothermia

A
  • clothing provides a semi tropical climate
  • clothing should not restrict movement
  • should be as lightweight as possible
  • permit the free passage of sweat and body heat
  • rehydrate! increase in blood volume = increase in body heat
61
Q

Frost Nip

A
  • affects ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toes
  • skin appears very firm with cold painless areas the may peel or blister in 24 to 72 hours
  • treat with sustained pressure
  • no rubbing!
  • blowing hot breath on the spot
  • place arms in the armpits
62
Q

Frostbite (chilblains)

A
  • result of prolonged cold
  • skin redness, swelling, tingling, and pain in the toes and fingers
  • caused by problems of peripheral circulation
63
Q

Superficial frostbite

A
  • skin and subcutaneous tissue
  • pale, hard, cold, and waxy
  • palpation will show hardness but with yielding of the undying tissue structures
64
Q

superficial frostbite treatment

A
  • immerse in warm water 100-110F
  • first few numb the sting and burn.
  • do not rub
  • later there may be blisters and be painful for a number of weeks
65
Q

Deep Frostbite

A
  • serious injury
  • same shit as superficial frostbite
  • can become gangrenous causing a loss of tissue
66
Q

Altitude sickness

A
  • mexico city elevation: 7,600 feet
  • there is a 7-8% decrease in maximum o2 uptake
  • represents a 4-8% deterioration in performance
  • when the body is suddenly without its usual o2 supply, hyperventilation can occur
67
Q

Adaptation to altitude

A
  • depends on resident, native, or visitor

- adaptation includes; conservation of glucose, increased number of mitochondria, and increased formation of hemoglobin

68
Q

Adaptation to altitude: visitors

A
  • responses include:
  • increased breathing
  • increase heart action
  • increased hemoglobin
  • increase blood alkalinity
  • increased myoglobin
  • dehydration
69
Q

Athletes going into high altitude

A
  • experts suggest arriving 2-3 weeks before competition to provide the best adjustment period
  • some also suggest that 3 days before competition is enough time
70
Q

Acute Mountain Sickness

A
  • low to moderate altitude of 7000 to 8000 feet
  • headache
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • sleep disturbance
  • dyspnea
  • can last up to 3 days
  • tissue disruption in the brain and affects sodium/potassium balance
71
Q

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

A
  • 9000 to 10,000 feet
  • lungs accumulate a small amount of fluid within the alveolar walls (usually absorbed in a few days)
  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • headache
  • weakness
  • unconsciousness
  • move athlete to lower altitudes
72
Q

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

A
  • usually in conjunction with HAPE
  • leads to coma or death
  • happens in 1% of people above 9,000 feet
  • increased cerebral blood flow due to the increased permeability of cerebral endothelium when exposed to hypoxia
  • increased intracranial pressure
73
Q

Sickle-Cell Trait Reaction

A
  • occurs in 8%-10% of African Americans
  • abnormality of the structure of the red blood cells and their hemoglobin content
  • hemoglobin becomes deoxygenated as a result of exercise at a high altitude the cells tend to clump together
  • abnormal sickle shape that can be destroyed easily
  • can cause an enlarged spleen
74
Q

SPF

A

sun protection factor

  • an SPF of 6 indicates that an athlete can be exposed to UV light six time longer than without a sunscreen before the skin begins to turn red
  • 60 to 80 percent of lifetime sun exposure is often obtained by age 20
75
Q

people who need higher SPFs

A
  • light skinned
  • blue eyes
  • fair hair
  • or skin that burns easily
  • people over 6 months of age
76
Q

Lightening safety EAP

A
  • chain of command as to who should monitor both weather forecast and changing weather of a threatening nature and to determine who makes the decision to remove from and return a team to the practice field
77
Q

General rule for lightening

A

if you hear thunder or see lightning you are in immediate danger and should seek a protective shelter in an indoor facility at once

78
Q

If you feel your hair stand on end..

A

get in the fetal position on the ground
stay away from trees or lighting posts
- low ground
- don’t lie flat

79
Q

flash to bang ratio

A

number of seconds from lightning flash until the sound of thunder divided by 5 to determine the distance from the lightning strike

  • if the count is at 30 or less there is danger and conditions should be monitored
  • if the count reaches 30 everyone should leave the field for shelter
80
Q

can return to field after…

A

30 minutes have passed from either the last lightning strike or thunder clap

81
Q

lightning detectors

A

monitors lightning at a distance of 40 miles

- if the detector flashes 3-8 range this is generally considered to be life threatening

82
Q

Ozone

A

at its highest level when higher temperatures and the increased amount of sunlight during the summer combine with stagnant atmospheric conditions

83
Q

Ozone S&S

A 
shortness of breath
coughing 
chest tightness
pain during deep breathing
nausea
eye irritation
fatigue
lung irritation
lowered resistance to lung infections
84
Q

Nitrogen dioxide

A

produced by cars
irritate the lungs
lower resistance to RI
acute respiratory disease in children

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