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Anatomy everything > Principles - Anatomy 06 - Bones & Fractures > Flashcards

Principles - Anatomy 06 - Bones & Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation

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2
Q

What is meant by endochondrial ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage develops a boney surface meaning that nutrients from blood cannot diffuse into it. Cells start to die and send out signals which promote the formation of blood vessels. Osteocytes arrive at the area to bring about endochondrial ossification.

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3
Q

State the regions of a bone from top to bottom.

A

Epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, epiphysis

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plates?

A

location of ossification (new bone production)

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5
Q

What is the outer section of a bone called?

A

Outer cortex

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6
Q

What is the inner section of a bone called?

A

Inner medulla

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7
Q

What is the outer cortex composed of?

A

Cortical bone

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8
Q

What is the inner medulla composed of?

A

Cancellous/trabecular bone or bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the connective tissue sleeve which surrounds bones called?

A

Periosteum

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10
Q

Why does breakage in the periosteum cause extreme pain?

A

It is vascularised

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11
Q

What kinds of nutrient vessels are found in the medullary cavity?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries and lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

State two common fractures.

A

Neck of Femur (NOF) and clavicle

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13
Q

Why are NOF fractures common?

A

It is a less compact bone and is also angled

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14
Q

How are most clavicle fractures achieved?

A

Falling on outstretched arm

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15
Q

Explain how a fracture heals.

A

A callus of new bone forms around the fracture and the bone undergoes callus remodelling which allows the bone to go back to its original shape.

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16
Q

Which part of the bone contains sensory neurons?

A

Periosteum

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17
Q

What is meant by reduction of a fracture?

A

Bone ends are aligned surgically

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18
Q

What is meant by fixation of a fracture?

A

Bone ends held in place using screws/plates

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19
Q

What is meant by a bony feature?

A

A section of bone which protrudes slightly

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20
Q

Give an example of a bony feature.

A

Tuberosity of the humerous

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21
Q

What is a bony feature as a hole for nerves etc to pass through called?

A

Foramen

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22
Q

Why may bony features develop?

A

As a result of other developing structures applying pressure to the developing bone

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23
Q

Name the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity.

A

Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa

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24
Q

State the 3 components of the axial skeleton.

A

Skull, neck, bones of the trunk

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25
Q

State the 3 components of the appendicular skeleton.

A

Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

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26
Q

How are the bones of the face and cranial vault separated?

A

By drawing a line posterior to the eyes and anterior to the ear

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27
Q

What are the bones of the face termed?

A

Viscerocranium

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28
Q

What are the bones of the cranial vault termed?

A

Neurocranium

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29
Q

Name all of the bones in the neurocranium.

A

Occipital bone, left and right parietal bones, left and right temporal bones, frontal bone, right and left sphenoid bones

30
Q

Name the bones of the viscerocranium.

A

Mandible, right and left nasal bones, left and right zygoma, left and right maxilla

31
Q

What is meant by a Le Fort I fracture?

A

Maxilla fractured

32
Q

What is meant by a Le Fort II fracture?

A

Maxilla and Zygoma fractured

33
Q

What is meant by a Le Fort III fracture?

A

Full separation of the viscerocranium from the neurocranium

34
Q

Name the bony features of the mandible from front to back.

A

Mental process, mental foramen, body, angle, ramus, coronoid process

35
Q

How many vertebrae are there in total?

A

33

36
Q

Name the 5 different types of vertebrae in the adult spine.

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

37
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

A

7

38
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

A

12

39
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

A

5

40
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

A

5

41
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

A

4 - then fuses to 1

42
Q

How many primary and secondary curvatures does the adult spine have?

A

2 primary, 2 secondary

43
Q

A typical vertbrae is composed of…

A

A vertebral body and a vertebral arch

44
Q

What is the purpose of a vertebral body?

A

To carry weight

45
Q

Name all of the processes which come off of the vertebral arch.

A

Transverse processes (x2), spinous process, inferior articular processes (x2), superior articular processes (x2)

46
Q

Which processes join together to make a facet joint between 2 vertebrae?

A

articular

47
Q

What are the spaces between vertebrae called?

A

intervertebral foramenae

48
Q

What feature do all of the cervical vertebrae have in common?

A

All have a vertebral foramen

49
Q

How does C1 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?

A

It does not have a vertebral body but instead has posterior and anterior arches

50
Q

How does C2 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?

A

Has an odontoid process which projects superiorly

51
Q

How does C7 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?

A

First palpable process in most people

52
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are slightly different to the others?

A

C1, C2, C7

53
Q

What is meant by the term ‘true ribs’?

A

Attach via costal cartilage to the sternum

54
Q

What is meant by the term ‘false ribs’?

A

Attach to the costal cartilage below the sternum

55
Q

Ribs which do not attach to costal cartilage are called…

A

Floating ribs

56
Q

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapulae and clavicles

57
Q

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

hip bones and sacrum

58
Q

Between the shoulder joint and elbow is called the…

A

arm

59
Q

Between the elbow and wrist is called the…

A

forearm

60
Q

Distal to the wrist is called the…

A

Hand

61
Q

Between the hip and knee is called the…

A

thigh

62
Q

Between the knee and ankle is called the…

A

leg

63
Q

Distal to the ankle is called…

A

Foot

64
Q

The bone in the arm is called the…

A

Humerous

65
Q

The bones in the forearm are called the…

A

Radius and ulna

66
Q

The carpal bones are found in the…

A

wrist

67
Q

The metacarpals are found in…

A

the palm of the hand

68
Q

The phalanges are found in…

A

Fingers/toes

69
Q

The bone of the thigh is called…

A

femur

70
Q

The bones of the leg are..

A

Tibia and fibula

71
Q

The tarsal and metatarsal bones are found in…

A

the foot

Anatomy everything (24 decks)

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