Principles - Anatomy 06 - Bones & Fractures

Question 1

What is ossification?

Answer 1

Bone formation

Question 2

What is meant by endochondrial ossification?

Answer 2

Hyaline cartilage develops a boney surface meaning that nutrients from blood cannot diffuse into it. Cells start to die and send out signals which promote the formation of blood vessels. Osteocytes arrive at the area to bring about endochondrial ossification.

Question 3

State the regions of a bone from top to bottom.

Answer 3

Epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, epiphysis

Question 4

What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plates?

Answer 4

location of ossification (new bone production)

Question 5

What is the outer section of a bone called?

Answer 5

Outer cortex

Question 6

What is the inner section of a bone called?

Answer 6

Inner medulla

Question 7

What is the outer cortex composed of?

Answer 7

Cortical bone

Question 8

What is the inner medulla composed of?

Answer 8

Cancellous/trabecular bone or bone marrow

Question 9

What is the connective tissue sleeve which surrounds bones called?

Answer 9

Periosteum

Question 10

Why does breakage in the periosteum cause extreme pain?

Answer 10

It is vascularised

Question 11

What kinds of nutrient vessels are found in the medullary cavity?

Answer 11

Arteries, veins and capillaries and lymphatic vessels

Question 12

State two common fractures.

Answer 12

Neck of Femur (NOF) and clavicle

Question 13

Why are NOF fractures common?

Answer 13

It is a less compact bone and is also angled

Question 14

How are most clavicle fractures achieved?

Answer 14

Falling on outstretched arm

Question 15

Explain how a fracture heals.

Answer 15

A callus of new bone forms around the fracture and the bone undergoes callus remodelling which allows the bone to go back to its original shape.

Question 16

Which part of the bone contains sensory neurons?

Answer 16

Periosteum

Question 17

What is meant by reduction of a fracture?

Answer 17

Bone ends are aligned surgically

Question 18

What is meant by fixation of a fracture?

Answer 18

Bone ends held in place using screws/plates

Question 19

What is meant by a bony feature?

Answer 19

A section of bone which protrudes slightly

Question 20

Give an example of a bony feature.

Answer 20

Tuberosity of the humerous

Question 21

What is a bony feature as a hole for nerves etc to pass through called?

Answer 21

Foramen

Question 22

Why may bony features develop?

Answer 22

As a result of other developing structures applying pressure to the developing bone

Question 23

Name the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity.

Answer 23

Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa

Question 24

State the 3 components of the axial skeleton.

Answer 24

Skull, neck, bones of the trunk

Question 25

State the 3 components of the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 25

Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

Question 26

How are the bones of the face and cranial vault separated?

Answer 26

By drawing a line posterior to the eyes and anterior to the ear

Question 27

What are the bones of the face termed?

Answer 27

Viscerocranium

Question 28

What are the bones of the cranial vault termed?

Answer 28

Neurocranium

Question 29

Name all of the bones in the neurocranium.

Answer 29

Occipital bone, left and right parietal bones, left and right temporal bones, frontal bone, right and left sphenoid bones

Question 30

Name the bones of the viscerocranium.

Answer 30

Mandible, right and left nasal bones, left and right zygoma, left and right maxilla

Question 31

What is meant by a Le Fort I fracture?

Answer 31

Maxilla fractured

Question 32

What is meant by a Le Fort II fracture?

Answer 32

Maxilla and Zygoma fractured

Question 33

What is meant by a Le Fort III fracture?

Answer 33

Full separation of the viscerocranium from the neurocranium

Question 34

Name the bony features of the mandible from front to back.

Answer 34

Mental process, mental foramen, body, angle, ramus, coronoid process

Question 35

How many vertebrae are there in total?

Answer 35

33

Question 36

Name the 5 different types of vertebrae in the adult spine.

Answer 36

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 37

How many cervical vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

Answer 37

7

Question 38

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

Answer 38

12

Question 39

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

Answer 39

5

Question 40

How many sacral vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

Answer 40

5

Question 41

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in an adult spine?

Answer 41

4 - then fuses to 1

Question 42

How many primary and secondary curvatures does the adult spine have?

Answer 42

2 primary, 2 secondary

Question 43

A typical vertbrae is composed of...

Answer 43

A vertebral body and a vertebral arch

Question 44

What is the purpose of a vertebral body?

Answer 44

To carry weight

Question 45

Name all of the processes which come off of the vertebral arch.

Answer 45

Transverse processes (x2), spinous process, inferior articular processes (x2), superior articular processes (x2)

Question 46

Which processes join together to make a facet joint between 2 vertebrae?

Answer 46

articular

Question 47

What are the spaces between vertebrae called?

Answer 47

intervertebral foramenae

Question 48

What feature do all of the cervical vertebrae have in common?

Answer 48

All have a vertebral foramen

Question 49

How does C1 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?

Answer 49

It does not have a vertebral body but instead has posterior and anterior arches

Question 50

How does C2 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?

Answer 50

Has an odontoid process which projects superiorly

Question 51

How does C7 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?

Answer 51

First palpable process in most people

Question 52

Which cervical vertebrae are slightly different to the others?

Answer 52

C1, C2, C7

Question 53

What is meant by the term 'true ribs'?

Answer 53

Attach via costal cartilage to the sternum

Question 54

What is meant by the term 'false ribs'?

Answer 54

Attach to the costal cartilage below the sternum

Question 55

Ribs which do not attach to costal cartilage are called...

Answer 55

Floating ribs

Question 56

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 56

Scapulae and clavicles

Question 57

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 57

hip bones and sacrum

Question 58

Between the shoulder joint and elbow is called the...

Answer 58

arm

Question 59

Between the elbow and wrist is called the...

Answer 59

forearm

Question 60

Distal to the wrist is called the...

Answer 60

Hand

Question 61

Between the hip and knee is called the...

Answer 61

thigh

Question 62

Between the knee and ankle is called the...

Answer 62

leg

Question 63

Distal to the ankle is called...

Answer 63

Foot

Question 64

The bone in the arm is called the...

Answer 64

Humerous

Question 65

The bones in the forearm are called the...

Answer 65

Radius and ulna

Question 66

The carpal bones are found in the...

Answer 66

wrist

Question 67

The metacarpals are found in...

Answer 67

the palm of the hand

Question 68

The phalanges are found in...

Answer 68

Fingers/toes

Question 69

The bone of the thigh is called...

Answer 69

femur

Question 70

The bones of the leg are..

Answer 70

Tibia and fibula

Question 71

The tarsal and metatarsal bones are found in...

Answer 71

the foot