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Private On-Site Wastewater - Saraniecki Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is Biological Oxygen Demand?

A

BOD
the difference between initial dissolved O2 and a later period of time O2 sample
usually 5 days BOD5

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2
Q

What is Chemical oxygen demand?

A

COD
a measure of the amount of O2 consumed chemically by oxidation of organic and inorganic materials in water

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3
Q

Define domestic sewage

A

used water from a home or community - includes bath, toilet, laundry, kitchen

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4
Q

What is black water?

A

from WC, lavatory, privy

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5
Q

What is grey water?

A

all other domestic wastewater - shower, laundyr, bath - considered pathogenic

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6
Q

define point source pollution

A

any discernible, confined, or discrete conveyance from which pollutants may be discharged
pipe, ditch, well, vessel, vehicle

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7
Q

define nonpoint pollution

A

not a point source
is manmade/man-induced resulting in the alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, or radiological integrity of water

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8
Q

What is combined sewer?

A

storm water and domestic sewage combined in same pipe

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9
Q

What is a separate sewer system?

A

storm water and domestic sewage are collected separately

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10
Q

What are suspended solids?

A

solids that are visible and in suspension in water

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11
Q

What does the inlet baffle of a septic tank do?

A

directs the flow
minimizes turbulence
minimizes short circuiting

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12
Q

What does the outlet baffle of a septic tank do?

A

assures outflow comes from clear zone
holds floating scum in tank

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13
Q

What is the inlet and outlet baffle elevation differential?

A

3 inches

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14
Q

What do effluent screens do?

A

designed to keep larger suspended solids in the tank
control outflow rate
protect downstream components from larger suspended solids
replace outlet baffle typically
require riser to grade for access to screen for inspection, cleaning, replacement

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15
Q

What is the ultimate purpose of a septic tank?

A

24-72 hour watertight detention tank
conditions sewage to be more readily percolated into subsoil

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16
Q

What are the three main functions of a septic tank?

A

removal of solids
biological treatment
sludge and scum storage

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17
Q

What anaerobic digestion occurs and where does this occur in a septic system?

A

operates in anoxic environment
treats sewage
very slow process
happens in septic tank

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18
Q

Describe aerobic digestion and where does it occur?

A

treats sewage
rapid treatment proces
produces lowest suspended solid effluent
ex: aerobic treatment plant

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19
Q

What is generally considered in the system design of a septic system?
(5)

A

flow
waste strength
soil permeability - perc tests and soils investigations
limiting layer - high water table, bedrock
site geography - slope, lot size, etc

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20
Q

What is typical waste strength for residential aka domestic waste?

A

BOD5 and TSS ~200-300 ppm
ammonia ~60ppm

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21
Q

Describe a general percolation test method
6 steps

A
  1. dig 1x1 hole 24-30” deep
    drop 2” gravel at bottom of hole
    saturate hole 4 hours, let swell overnight
    slowly pour 12” water
    measure rate water drops every minute for fast soils
    test is complete when 3 rate measurements at 6”-5” level become relatively equal
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22
Q

What unit do you calculate perc rate in?

A

minutes per inch
needs at least 3 tests for average

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23
Q

What is infiltration defined as?

A

movement of water into soil

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24
Q

What is percolation defined as

A

movement of water within soil matrix

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25
What does perc rate control?
infiltration rate
26
What are the four soil sizes and types?
gavel - >2mm grain sand 2mm>0.05 silt 0.25mm>0.002 clay less than 0.002mm
27
What is loam soil?
contains sand, silt, and clay in many different proportions
28
What type of soil typically drains well?
Sandy soil with some gravel
29
What type of soil typically doesn't drain well?
clay loam and clay
30
What can you assume for soils that are yellow, brown, or red?
air and water pass through
31
What can you assume for soils that are blue or grey?
saturated for a long time
32
What can you assumed for mottled brown or red soil?
fluctuating seasonal high water table poor aeration unsuitable for septic system
33
What can you assume for greyish soil?
iffy generally unsuitable
34
What is the limiting layer?
seasonal high water table fractured limestone layer - dolomite dense soils with little permeability gravelly soils with fast permeablility fragipan layers that restrict water flow and root penetration
35
What does design flow determine?
tank capacity
36
What does waste strength determine?
method of pretreatment - septic tank, sand filter ATP
37
What do design flow in conjuction with application rate determine?
square footage of seepage area
38
What sludge maintenance can be performed?
tank inspected annually tank cleaned every 3 years or sooner ATP if necessary
39
What are some causes of septic system failure?
poor design hydraulic overload - seasonal high water (tank floats), excessive water use, leaky plumbing system abuse - flushing non-digestables or chemicals system damage - baffles, soil compaction improper connections uneven settlement of system parts - piping, d box, tank
40
What is ideal one-site wastewater treatment?
primary sedimentation secondary treatment - flocculation with O2 tertiary treatment to remove nitrogen and phosphorous chlorination dechlorination
41
What are common sewage-borne bacteria? (7_
shigella salmonella campylobacter enteritis cholera yersinia E coli Enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC)
42
Shigella (sonnei and flexneri) Sx? Common? Inoculum? Reserv? Trans?
bacillary dysentery - bloody stool 450k us cases, 72% sonnei small inoculum 10-200 colony forming unit res: only humans trans: fecal/oral, contaminated food and water, anal sexual contact, flies via mechanical
43
Salmonelly typhi aka? common? transmission? similar to?
aka typhoid fever NOT salmonellosis 400 cases, 21 min worldwide 200-600k fatal trans: contaminated food or water - shellfish from sewage water, raw fruits and veg fertilized by nightsoil, flies similar to paratyphoid fever which is milder
44
Salmonellosis agent? reservoir? trans? implications?
agent: Salmonella typhimurium and eteritidis - diarrhea res: wild and domestic animals, poultry swine turtles iguanas cats and dogs trans: fecally contaminated water, p2p if diarrhea is presernt implications: mass feeding and sanitation problems
45
Campylobacter jejuni aka? reservoir? transmission? Can trigger?
Gastroenteritis - travelers diarrhea most common us diarrhea bacteria res: wild and domestic animals - cattle chicken puppies kittens
46
Campylobacter jejuni aka? reservoir? transmission? Can trigger?
Gastroenteritis - travelers diarrhea most common us diarrhea bacteria res: wild and domestic animals - cattle chicken puppies kittens trans: undercooked chicken, pork, raw milk, fecally contaminated food and water, p2p rare can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome
47
E coli O157:H7 aka? sx? res? trans?
shiga toxin producing e. coli often grossly bloody diarrhea can lead to HUS and kidney failure res: ruminant animals - cattle, goats, sheep, elk, infected humans trans: raw or undercooked ground beef, sprouts, raw milk and juice, lettuce, dry salami, REI, petting zoos, raw human and cattle sewage
48
E. coli - non special
enterotoxigenic res: humans, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, horses trans: contaminated food and water aka travelers diarrhea
49
Where is EPEC found?
enteropathogenic E coli disease of infants via contaminated fake mothers milk thanks to contaminated water
50
What is EIEC?
res is only humans transmission from contaminated foor
51
What is EAEC?
res only humans infant diarrhea 3rd in world cause
52
Vibrio cholera common? reservoir? trans? implications?
0-5 cases per year res: mostly humans trans: ingestion of food or water infected with the feces or vomit of infected humans, or raw or undercooked contaminated shellfish implications: risk of ourbreak
53
What are the common sewage-borne viruses? (5)
adenovirus poliovirus norwalk virus HAV HRV
54
Hepatitis A reservoir? trans? common?
res: humans and other primates trans: fecal/oral, p2p, contaminated food and water uncommon, vaccines available
55
HRV transmission?
Rotavirus fecal/oral - nosocomial disease, contaminated food and water, contact with contaminated fomites most common child severe diarrhea cause, 55k kids hospitalized each year
56
Human Adenovirus sx general? res? trans? significance?
HAdv are the cause of a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases reservoir: humans trans: p2p, indirect contact via fomites, poorly maintained swimming pools it is so common that it is about to become the new indicator for sewage contamination
57
Poliovirus sx? agent? reservoir? trans?
viral infection presenting with acute onsite flaccid paralysis Poliovirus genus Enterovirus res: humans trans: p2p fecal/oral, water and food rarely implicated
58
What are the common sewage-borne helminthes?
ascariasis ancylostomiasis taeniasis dracunculiasis trichuriasis
59
Ascaris lumbricoides reservoir? transmission?
large intestinal roundwork, few to no sx res: humans, ascarid eggs in soil trans: ingestion of eggs from soil or uncooked produce
60
Ancylostomiasis aka? transmission? sx? prevention?
hookworm disease most common roundworm of humans eggs passed in human stools and hatch in the soil larvae penetrate the skin then migrate to blood, heart, lungs causes anemia and protein deficiency prevention - sanitary sewage disposal and shoes
61
Taeniasis agents? (2) reservoir? transmission? prevention?
Taenia saginata - cattle Taenia solium - swine reservoir: humans, cattle and pigs intermediate hosts transmission: larval cysts from raw or undercooked infected meat, contaminated food or water prev: keep cattle and swine away from human waste
62
Dracunculus medinensis aka?? where? Res? transmission? control?
Guinea-worm infection, occurs in dry regions Africa and Asia res: only humans trans: ingestion of larvae from stagnant fresh water infective dose: one cyst egg or larvae control: filtration
63
Trichuriasis aka? reservoir? transmission?
roundworm 800mil worldwide res: humans, mostly poor warm areas trans: consumption of eggs that have previously passed thru the colon - raw veggies or dirt
64
What are the four protozoa found in sewage?
Giardia lamblia Taenia saginata and solium Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli
65
Amoebiasis agent? reservoir? trans?
Entamoeba histolytica - travellers diarrheares: humans trans: cysts - contaminated food and water, oral/anal cysts are cl resistant
66
Balantidiasis agent? sx? reservoir? transmission?
Balatidium coli protozoan infection of the color - diarrhea, dysentery reservoir: swine and rates trans: ingestion of cysts from feces of infected hosts
67
Spirochete bacterial disease aka? caused by? trans? res?
Leptospira spp Weil's disease spirochete bacteria zoonosis of domestic and wild animals - skin or mucosal contact with infected water contaminated with urine res: rats, swine, cattle, dogs, raccoons
68
Methemoglobinemia cause?
Blue baby syndrome bacterial conversion of nitrate to nitrite consumed by kids by contaminated well from ag runoff or powdered fake mothers milk and concentrated juices rehydrated with contaminated water treat with 1% methylene blue
69
What are biosolids?
undigested solids that must be periodically removed by licensed state haulers to either sewage treatment plant or landfill ocean dumping banned since 1991
70
How can raw sewage be treated in an emergency?
Lime: estimated gallons = LxWxAvgdepthx7.5 20-25 lbs/1000gallons slaked or ag lime acceptable, not pellets confirm by testing pH - 12 or higher 30 min minimum
71
Approved uses for reclaimed water?
irrigation (not veggie or herb garden without bubbler system) street sweeping power generation fountains fire protection dust control aquifer recharge
72
What are the 4 manure pit dangers?
hydrogen sulfide methane carbon dioxide ammonia

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