Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

REHS > Vectors of Zoonosis - Saraniecki > Flashcards

Vectors of Zoonosis - Saraniecki Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

define vector

A

any living creature that transmits an infectious agent to another creature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define transmission

A

any mechanism through which an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir (source) to a living creature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define direct transmission

A

immediate transfer of the infectious agent directly INTO the body - touching, biting, kissing, sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is vehicle-borne transmission?

A

a fomite contacts the person’s body via ingestion, touching the skin, introduced internally as in surgery, medical instruments, or treatment. Also water, food, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is vector-borne transmission?

A

any living creature that transmits an infectious agent to another living creature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is biological indirect transmission?

A

infective agent requires the arthropod to:
propagate the infective agent, be involved in the life cycle, or both - cyclopropagative
infective agent incubates in arthropod before insect is infective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is mechanical transmission?

A

vector
carried on the exterior of the body of vector or passage thru the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is transovarian transmission?

A

transmission to subsequent generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is transstadial transmission?

A

transmission within stages of life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is airborne transmission in regards to vecotrs?

A

infective agents spread as 1 to 5 micron aerosols or dust and enter thru the respiratory tract
either by droplet nuclei or dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the direct modes of transmission?

A

biting, kissing, touching, sexual intercourse, croplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the indirect modes of transmission?

A

vehicleborne, vectorborne, airborne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define epidemic

A

there is an outbreak or many disease cases over a short time span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define endemic

A

disease is prevalent/established in a specified area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define pandemic

A

worldwide outbreak of a disease in humans in numbers clearly in excess of normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define zoonosis

A

disease of animals transmitted to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define panzootic

A

worldwide outbreak of a disease in animals in numbers clearly in excess of normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes malaria?
Genus/microorganism type

A

anopheles/protazoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes dengue?
Genus/microorganism type

A

Aedes aegypti/virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes yellow fever?
Genus/microorganism type

A

Aedes aegypti/virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes Filariasis?
Genus/microorganism type

A

multiple types of mosquitos/nematode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes west nile virus?
Genus/microorganism type

A

Culex pipiens+/virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does a virus infect a mosquito?

A

virus must infect mosquito gut
then the body cavity
then propagate the infectious agent
finally, it infects the salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Can mosquitos carry HIV?

A

no, HIV does not infect mosquito cells and does not propagate in mosquito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Malaria Microorganism type Genus species reservoir: Transmission:
protazoa Plasmodium falciparum: most severe malaria - coma and death, untreated case fatality 10%, drug resistant Plasmodium vivax: most common, less severe Reservoir: humans Transmission: bite of anopheles mosquito 1700 cases annually, 7 deaths
26
What is the Western Malaria Mosquito?
Anophelese freeborni rice mosquito primary vector of malaria in the Western United States found in clear fresh water, rice fields, and roadside ditches feeds on mammals or humans most aggressive at dusk or dawn
27
Dengue fever aka? Symptoms? Where is it found? Infectious agent? Reservoir? Transmission?
Breakbone fever acute febrile viral disease with sudden onset and severe headache and bone pain most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans endemic to most tropical countries and US infectious agent: Flavivirus spp reservoir: human-Aedes aegypti cycle transm: Aedes aegypti mosquito - day biting
28
Yellow Fever symptoms? Infectious agent? Reservoir? Transmission?
acute infectious febrile sylvatic viral disease accompanied by jaundice infectious agent: flavivirus spp reservoir: humans and Aedes aegypti cycle transmission: bite of Aedes aegypti
29
Filariasis Microorganism? Infectious agent? Reservoir? Transmission?
lymphatic dwelling nematode W. bancrofti reservoirs: humans transmission: mosquito bite
30
Encephalitis definition Vector-borne types? (3)
inflammation of the brain/spinal cord Culex - St. Louis, Western Equine, West Nile Viruses Aedes - LaCrosse (California) - tree-hole mosquito Eastern equine - several mosquito species
31
West Nile Virus Symptoms? Agent? Reservoir? Transmission?
flu like symptoms, can have encephalitis agent: flavivirus reservoir: crows, blue jays, 198 other species, humans being dead end hosts transmission: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Psoraphora, + other species
32
What is the mosquito life cycle?
eggs larvae pupa adult in the summer, 10-14 days from egg to adult
33
At what part of their life cycle do mosquitoes breath?
larvae and pupae larvae breath through spiracles on their 8th abdominal segment to the water surface
34
Where do culex lay eggs?
egg raft on still water
35
Where do Anopheles lay eggs?
single eggs on water
36
Where do Aedes lay eggs?
single eggs on soil or in a container
37
What is the best method of active mosquito control?
Larviciding
38
What is the best method for control of disease in mosquitos?
Adulticiding - kill off infected mosquitoes
39
What do fleas feed on?
Adults feed on blood, larvae feed on detritus found in carpeting
40
What is Precor?
an insect growth regulator very effective for control of larvae
41
What are the four general flea zoonotic diseases?
plague Flea-borne typhus fever aka murine typhus tapeworms (by ingestion) flea-bite allergy
42
Yersinia pestis What is it?
Bubonic (black) plague is transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea infected with Y. pestis that is hitching a ride on a ground squirrel or rodent Category A bioterrorism agent
43
Black plague Transmission: Reservoir: common?
Transmission: Xenopsylla cheopis flea pneumonic plague - person to person, inhalation of contaminated droplets, most severe form, 100% untreated fatality reservoir: wild rodents 50-60% bubonic mortality
44
Rickettsia typhi Disease? Reservoir? Transmission?
murine or endemic typhus, milder to the louse-borne typhus reservoir: rats and mice transmission: infected rat fleas (usually X. cheopis)
45
What are the four main tickborne diseases?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Lyme Disease Ehrilchiosis Tularemia
46
What do female ticks transmit? Not transmit?
transmit bacteria and protozoa do not transmit viruses
47
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Agent? Transmission? Reservoir?
Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii - bacteria Transmission: dermacentor spp Reservoir: rodents presents as rash and joint pain needs to feed on blood for 4-6 hours before it becomes infectious
48
Lyme disease Caused by? Reservoir? Transmission?
Borrelia burgdorferi - spirochete bacteria reservoir: Ixodes ticks and wild rodents Transmission: Ixodes ticks after attached for almost 24 hours
49
What is PCR?
tehcnique used to replicate RNA/DNA in samples with minute amounts of RNA/DNA allows for rapid and highly specific diagnosis of infectious disease tests for Antigen, not antibody
50
What is reverse transcription-PCR used for?
to identify gene expressions such as virility, toxin production, and contagiousness
51
What is ELISA?
Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay detects presence of pathogen via antibody and/or antigen does not directly identify pathogen
52
What is PFGE?
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis genotyping pathogens gives ability to trace pathogens from human to farm
53
What is Whole Genome Sequencing?
more accturate than PCR and PFGE detects more clusters/possible outbreaks, especially Listeria
54
Tularemia aka? Agent? Reservoir? Transmission?
Rabbit Fever Francisella tularensis - bacteria Reservoir: rabbits, hares, muskrats, beavers transmission: Bite of Dermacentor: wood tick or dog tick, or Ambylomma americanum or handling carcass of infected host just about any contact with F. tularensis
55
What are the three types of lice?
pediculus humanus capitus - head lice pediculus humanus corporis - body lice pediculus humanus pubis - public lice aka crabs
56
How long do adult louse live?
30 days 2-10 days off a host
57
How are lice transmitted?
P2P direct contact or fomites not transmitted via people-animal body lice are rare but are seen during overcrowding, lay eggs in seams of clothes
58
What is it called to have lice?
ectoparasitic infestation
59
What are louse borne diseases?
ONLY P. h. corporis Epidemic typhus Louse borne relapse fever trench fever
60
Epidemic typhus agent? reservoir? transmission? Implications?
agent: Rickettsia prowazekii reservoirs: humans transmission: p. h. corporis via rubbing louse feces into bite or abrasion implies overcrowding during was or disaster category B bioterrorism agent
61
Describe head lice infestation and treatment
pruritus and rash transmitted from direct contact or fomites complete their cycle in about a month male and female feed solely on blood glue eggs to hair (nits) more than 1/4 inch above the scalp OTC insecticide now available
62
What are bed bugs?
Cimex spp associated with humans, control is difficult no known diseases
63
Filth flies What is their role in diseases?
transmits diseases through indirect vector borne mechanical or biological contamination can transmit bacteria and parasitic worms important to find the source of the infestation
64
Describe moth/drain flies
bodies and wings covered in numerous hairs if crushed, they leave a powdery smudge no proof of pathogen transmission
65
Describe fruit flies
bright red eyes transmit pathogens mechanically
66
What is Myiasis? Caused by? Official term?
infestation of tissues of host animals with fly larvae (maggots) fly larvae feed directly on host's necrotic tissue screw worm fly or blow and phorid fly ectoparasites
67
What are the five types of cockroaches?
German - most common in US found in kitchens Brown-banded - love hot dry areas American - largest roach, found in basements and steam tunnels Oriental - basements, high humidity areas wood roach - near woods, attracted to lights
68
What is the best method for cockroach control?
Integrated Pest Management sanitation sticky traps to MONITOR insecticides for larger pops baits are most effective
69
What are cockroaches relationship with diseases?
we are uncertain if cockroaches are responsible for transmission they MAY have salmonella in their bellies, but we do not know
70
What is FIFRA?
Fed Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act regulates insecticides, rodenticides, etc
71
What is required on a pesticide label?
General use label or restricted use - must have license EPA manufacturer number EPA registration number readable label tox I needs skull and crossbones tox I II II needs first aid statement
72
What are some organophosphates insecticides?
malathion and Naled
73
What are carbamates?
insecticide - Ficam
74
What is an inorganic insecticide?
boric acid
75
What is a synergist insecticide?
PBO - Piperonyl butoxide - tank additive
76
What is Pyrethrum/Pyrethrins?
most widely used natural insecticide in the US active ingredient, pyrethrin, is extracted from chrysanthemum plant unstable, 12 hrs
77
What is Pyrethroid/Permethrin?
class of synthetic insecticides chem structure is similar to pyrethrum sun stable 30 days
78
What is the home range of rats? mouse?
100-150 feet house mouse 10- 30 ft
79
Describe a Norway rat
Rattus norvegicus brown sewer rat has a blunt snout, shorter tail
80
Describe a roof rat
Rattus rattus long tail, pointed snout likes to climb
81
Describe a house mouse
Mus musculus tail much longer than the body small feet and head NOT a reservoir
82
What are methods of rodent control?
sanitation and rodent exclusion snap traps tamper-resistant bait stations 1/4" holes and larger must be plugged
83
What are four single dose rodenticides?
bromethalin cholecalciferol zinc phosphide red squill
84
What are some multiple dose rodenticides?
brodifacoum bromadiolone chlorophacinone diphacinone pindone warfarin
85
What are the six rodent-borne diseases?
rat bite fever salmonellosis murine typhus bubonic plague leptospirosis hanta virus
86
Rat Bite Fever Agent? Reservoir? Transmission?
Agent: Streptobacillus moniliformis Reservoir: teeth and gums of many rat species Transmission: rat bite, contact with urine or mucosal secretions, occupying rat infested buildings
87
Rickettsia typhi Causes what? Reservoir? Transmission?
murine typus aka endemic typhus - milder than louseborn typhus reservoir: rats and mice transmission: infected rat fleas X. cheopis
88
Leptospirosis aka? Type? Transmission? At risk population?
Weil's disease spirochete bacteria transmission: contact with infected urine of rodents, found in food and water at risk: sailors, miners, sewer workers, fish mongers, poultry dealers, abattoir workers
89
Hantavirus Reservoir? Transmission? Treatment of affected area?
Reservoir: deer mouse and white-footed mouse Transmission: aerosolizing agent in urine resulting in severe respiratory infection found in heavily infested vacant enclosed areas that were disturbed spray area with bleach sol'n, allow CT, then clean
90
What are the two mite-borne diseases we should be aware of?
first, mites are not ticks Scrub typhus scabies
91
What is Scabies?
parasitic skin disease where the mite burrows through the skin to deposit eggs subcutaneously produces papules and vesicles usually at finger webs, belt lines, and other moist areas only female mites burrow
92
Describe Scrub typhus symptoms? aka? Agent? Reservoir? Transmission?
sx - acute febrile disease with skil ulcer, headache, and profuse sweating chiggers is the term used for the larval stage of the mite Agent: Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Reservoir: infected larvae of mites Transmission: larvae bite ONLY, nymphs and adults do not feed on vertebrates
93
Scabies Agent? Reservoir? Transmission? Incubation?
Agent: Sarcoptes sabiei Reservoir: humans Transmission: prolonged direct skin-to-skin, dirty linen Inc 2-6 weeks
94
Rabies Causes what? Transmission? Common reservoirs? Uncommon?
aka Acute Viral Encephalomyelitis transmission: viral-laden saliva of rabid animal common: dogs, raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes uncommon: rabbits, opossums, squirrels, rats, mice
95
Psittacosis Agent? Reservoir? Transmission? Symptoms?
aka Parrot Fever Chlamydia psittaci bacteria Reservoir: parakeets, parrots, sometimes poultri and pigeons transmission: inhalation of dried droppings, secretions, dust from feathers human sx - fever, URI, LRI, pneumonia Cat B Bioterrorism agent
96
Histoplasmosis where is it found? How is it contracted? How is it cleaned up?
histoplasma capsulatum fungus naturally found in soil disturbing the soil puts spores into air, infects lungs cleanup very involved, similar to asbestos cleanup reservoir: soil enriched with bird and bat droppings transmission: inhalation found EVERYWHERE
97
What are the four protozoan zoonotic diseases?
malaria African trypanosomiasis American trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis
98
African Trypanosomiasis agent? aka? symptoms? reservoir? transmission?
agent: Trypanosoma brucei - protazoa human african sleeping sickness systemic disease with fever, intense headache, enlarged lymp nodes, body wasting, fatal without treatment reservoir: humans transmission: bite of the Tse-tse fly
99
American Trypanosomiasis aka agent? reservoir? transmission?
Chagas disease Trypanosoma cruzi reservoir: humans and 150 animals transmitted: cone-nosed kissing bug defecates and bites face at night. People scratch and infect open wound or other mucosa
100
Leishmaniasis agent? transmission?
Leishmania spp disease of skin and mucous membranes bite of phlebotomine fly (sand fly)
101
Onchocerciasis aka? agent? symptoms? transmission?
aka River Blindness Onchocerca volvulus - nematode non-fatal, results in blindness transmission: bite of female infected blackfly

REHS (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions