General Knowledge - Komura (incomplete)

Question 1

What are the four types of particulates?

Answer 1

Dust
Smoke
Fume
Aerosols
Mists

Question 2

Dust
1. particle size
2. sources
3. health effects

Answer 2

1. 0.1 - 0.25 microns
2. atmospheric, industrial, mining
3. pneumoconiosis

Question 3

Smoke
1. particle size
2. sources
3. health effects

Answer 3

1. <0.1 microns
2. combustion
3. bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer

Question 4

Fume
1. definition
2. sources
3. health effects

Answer 4

1. solid particles generated by condensation from the gaseous state
2. metals such as Zn, Fe
3. fume fever, respiratory impairment

Question 5

What are aerosols?

Answer 5

liquid droplets suspended in air over long periods of time

Question 6

What are mists?

Answer 6

suspended droplets that fall out quickly

Question 7

What are the types of dangerous gases?

Answer 7

toxic and corrosive gases
explosive and combustible gases

Question 8

What are the four types of toxic and corrosive gases?

Answer 8

Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulfur Oxides (SO2)
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
Oxidants

Question 9

Carbon monoxide
1. Source
2. Health effects (two types)

Answer 9

1. incomplete combustion of fuel, especially from motor vehicles
2. has a greater affinity to hemoglobin than O2
   acute - headache, dizziness, fatique, psychomotor imparment
   chronig - damage to heart, may induce atherosclerosis (thickening of arteries - plaque build up)

Question 10

Sulfur oxides
1. Source
2. Health effects

Answer 10

1. combustion of fossil fuels
2. as synergen with particulates, SCh has been associated with greater mortality and respiratory irritant causing pulmonary edema

Question 11

Nitrogen oxides
1. Source
2. Health effects

Answer 11

1. naturally occurring and from combustion of fossil fuels
2. acute - respiratory irritant and can cause pulmonary edema as well as death

Question 12

Oxidants
1. Source
2. Health effects (two types)

Answer 12

1. produced in the atmosphere by complex reactions with other pollutants, especially oxides of nitrogen
2. acute - pulmonary edema, decreased lung function
   chronic - pulmonary diseases such as emphysema abd bronchitis have been observed in laboratory animals; may produce premature aging of alveolar wall

Question 13

What are examples of other toxic and corrosive gases?

Answer 13

Chlorine, ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide

Question 14

What are the types of explosive and combustible gases?

Answer 14

acetylene
butane
formaldehyde
methane
picric acid

Question 15

Define synergistic effects

Answer 15

Two or more chemicals produce an effect different than either chemical produces alone

Question 16

Define additive effects and provide an example

Answer 16

Two chemicals produce an effect approximately twice that effect of either chemical alone
Ex: cigarette smoking and air pollution effects may be additive

Question 17

Define multiplicative effects and provide an example

Answer 17

Two or more chemicals produce an effect several times greater than that produced by either chemical alone
Ex: the risk of lung cancer by an asbestos worked is 8x greater than the smoker not exposed to asbestos and 92x that of the non-smoking non-asbestos worker

Question 18

Define accelerator effects and provide an example

Answer 18

One chemical enables or enhances the toxic effect of another chemical
ex: soot, an otherwise harmless substance, becomes a powerful carcinogen because of its tendency to absorb carcinogenic agents and convey them into the tracheobronchial tree

Question 19

What is direct transmission?

Answer 19

Direct contact with an infected person

Question 20

What is direct transmission of a droplet?

Answer 20

exposure to and inhalation of respiratory aerosols containing infectious agent

Question 21

What is indirect transmission via animate objects?

Answer 21

an animal vector inoculates the host with the infectious agent

Question 22

What is indirect transmission via inanimate objects (three types)?

Answer 22

vehicles - food, water, milk, or other biological products through which an infection agent is transmitted to the host ie. potentially hazardous foods
airborne - particles harboring infection agents that are suspended in the air
fomites - contaminated objects harboring infectious agents