Prokarotic Cells

Question 1

 Bacterial shapes

Answer 1

1 Coccus 2) Rod 3)Coccobacillus 4)Vibrio 5)Spirillium

Question 2

1. Coccus

Answer 2

Spherical bacteria (cocci- Plural)

Question 3

2. Rod

Answer 3

Cylindrical bacteria (bacillus)

Question 4

3. Coccobacillus

Answer 4

A very short cylindrical bacterium sometimes mistake for a coccu

Question 5

4. Vibrio

Answer 5

Short curved Rod

Question 6

5. Spirillium

Answer 6

curved rod long enough to form spirals

Question 7

6. Spirochete

Answer 7

Long helical cell with a flexible cell wall and unique mechanism of motility

Question 8

Size of Bacterial Cells?

Answer 8

Very small .3um - 2um(micrometers)

Question 9

Why are bacterial cells so small?

Answer 9

Surface area to volume ratio and dont require as many nutrients for cellular activity. As the get larger the SA:V ration goes down

Question 10

6 Cell components of Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 10

1. Plasma Membrane 2. Cell Wall 3. Glycocalyx 4. Flagella 5. Pili 6. Internal Structures

Question 11

1. Plasma Membrane

Answer 11

Is a lipid bilayer w/ embedded proteins

Question 12

Functions of the plasma membrane:

Answer 12

A) Envelops cytoplasm B) Semipermeable barrier C) Transport through simple Diffusion D) Signal Transduction E) Energy Production

Question 13

Semipermeable barrier

Answer 13

Selectively allows nutrients; gases water small uncharged molecules in but not larger particles of charged particles

Question 14

Transport

Answer 14

simple diffusion: high -> low concentration until equilibrium met

Question 15

Passive

Answer 15

no energy required

Question 16

Simple diffusion

Answer 16

Down concentration gradient across membrane (high to low)

Question 17

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 17

Sport that does not require energy a transport protein moves substances so that both concentrations are equal (high to low w/ protein)

Question 18

Osmosis

Answer 18

Diffusion of water when 2 side are unbalanced. High water concentration -> low water (pure H20 moves toward H20 & Solvent)

Question 19

Active transport

Answer 19

Energy is expended to accumulate molecules against a concentration gradient(ATP transport proteins or proton motive force)

Question 20

Signal transduction

Answer 20

How cell detects molecules in environment. Receptor proteins in the membrane bind to specific molecules in surrounding medium - allows cell to sense its environment

Question 21

Energy production

Answer 21

Through electron transport chain and electrochemical gradient

Question 22

Electron transport chain

Answer 22

Protein complex embedded in the membrane transfer electron in moves protons out of cell=positively charged protons lin up along membrane

Question 23

Electrochemical gradient

Answer 23

when H+ is allowed to move into the negatively charged cell its energy is harvested fueling production of ATP

Question 24

2. Cell Wall

Answer 24

Provides rigid structure that determines shape and prevents cell from bursting

Question 25

Peptidoglycan(PTG)

Answer 25

Primary molecule of bacteria cell walls. Forms man layers to make cell wall

Question 26

Gram-positive v. Gram-negative

Answer 26

Cell wall composition determines gram stain status

Question 27

Gram-positive cell walls

Answer 27

Thick - layer of peptidoglycan

Question 28

Teichoic acids

Answer 28

negatively charged component of peptidoglycan(PTG)

Question 29

Gram-negative cell walls

Answer 29

More complex than G+ Only Thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwich between outer membrane and lipopoylsaccharide

Question 30

Lysozyme

Answer 30

Is body natural penicillin

Question 31

Mycoplasma Cells

Answer 31

Species with no cell wall -strengthen plasma membrane with sterols EX Walking Pneumonia

Question 32

Archaea cell walls

Answer 32

May lack cell wall and unusual cell walls

Question 33

Cell walls and antibiotics. What makes a good antibiotic?

Answer 33

A antibiotic targets the PG and prevents linking of PG chains in growing/dividing cells.

Question 34

3. Glycocalyx

Answer 34

Glyco-Sugar Calyx-Surround Structure; Gel like external coat with distinct(capsule or diffuse(slime layer) Functions: Protected & Attachment

Question 35

4. Flagella

Answer 35

Made up a of A basal body; hook and filament Protein subunits that form and spin at a 90 degree and to move the cell

Question 36

Flagellin

Answer 36

Protein subunits that form the flagella unique to bacteria

Question 37

Peritrichous

Answer 37

Having flagella uniformly distributed over the body surface; as certain bacteria

Question 38

5. Pili

Answer 38

(pilus) Protection from cell membrane and to be able to make attachments and conjugations

Question 39

Condugation in Pili

Answer 39

to create a bridge to exchange DNA

Question 40

Motility

Answer 40

Movement

Question 41

Sex

Answer 41

transferring DNA

Question 42

5 Internal structures of a Prokaryotic cell

Answer 42

1) Cytoplasm 2) Nucleoid 3)Plasmid 4)Ribosomes 5)Endospores

Question 43

A. Cytoplasm

Answer 43

Fluid like gel consisting of 80% water created structure and function w/in plasma membrane

Question 44

B. Nucleoid

Answer 44

Is the naked DNA consisted of one circular double strained chromosome when folds becomes supercoiled(rubber band)

Question 45

C. Plasmids

Answer 45

Extra-chromosomal DNA w/ fewer genes can be gained or lost

Question 46

D. Ribosomes

Answer 46

1)Make Proteins 2) 70S size from 30+50S subunits 3)Proteins + rRNA

Question 47

E. Endospores

Answer 47

Make by bacillus/clostridium bacteria seed like to survive harsh conditions