PSY2004 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 1

Question 1

define NDC

Answer 1

lifelong condition that affects how brain develops and leads to atypical development, ranging from mild to severe, and can be caused by genetic or environmental factor, or both

Question 2

neurodevelopmental condition history - what was used for differentiation between condition

Answer 2

IQ, to term idiocy and imbecile

Question 3

neurodevelopmental condition history - what was idiots savants

Answer 3

intellectual disability, but with exceptional ability in narrow field (autism)

Question 4

neurodevelopmental condition history - what was attentio volubilis

Answer 4

easily rotating, ie easily distract and hard to maintain attention (ADHD)

Question 5

neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1913

Answer 5

mental deficiency act, those labelled mentally defective institutionalised

Question 6

neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1920s

Answer 6

commonwealth fund for child guidance clinics

Question 7

neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1920/30’s

Answer 7

expansion of charitable and govermental services for child psychological wellbeing

Question 8

neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1959

Answer 8

the MHA

Question 9

neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1960-80’s

Answer 9

largescale movement to universalise NDC in psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience

Question 10

what drove the movement for universalising terms for NDC in 1960’s

Answer 10

growing international collaboration
advancements in research
need for standardised diagnosis and treatment

Question 11

summarise order of official recognition for the different NDC

Answer 11

Down Syndrome (1866)
Autism (1943)
ADD (1960s)
Williams syndrome (1961)
FASD (1973)
Intellectual disability as standalone diagnosis (1980)

Question 12

summarise historical perspective on NDC

Answer 12

each condition treated as discrete, standalone diagnosis
concept of developmental disorders in 1820
NDC as a group label wasn’t DSM until 2013, as now have understanding of overlap between behaviours/characteristic across condition

Question 13

name factors contributing to inclusion of developmental conditions categories in DSM-3 (1980)

Answer 13

growing recognition and research into distinct characteristic, impact
need for consistency and reliability on diagnosis, classification, treatments, planning
advocacy groups/families

Question 14

how did DSM-3 (1980’s) approach developmental condition classifications

Answer 14

categorical approach = distinct category w specific criteria
LD eg; dyslexia
mental retardation eg; DS, FASD
motor skills disorders eg; tourettes, CP
communication disorders eg; stutter
pervasive developmental disorders eg; ASD

Question 15

for DSM-3, give some examples of mental retardation category in development condition

Answer 15

DS, FASD

Question 16

for DSM-3, name example of motor skills disorders in development category

Answer 16

tourettes, CP

Question 17

name issue for DSM-3 categorisation

Answer 17

many overlap and did not separate neurological/mental

Question 18

compare DSM-3 and 5

Answer 18

5: recognise theres different neurological/biological origins, and groups conditions into 1 broad category of NDC to include ASD, ADHD, specific LD, motor disorders, communication disorders
acknowledge sharing behaviours, or co-diagnosis

Question 19

what terminology main change has happened

Answer 19

use conditions not disorders, moving away from a medical approach

Question 20

name 4 different type of reason for atypical development

Answer 20

pre-natal effects
environmental effects
genetic effects
unknown/multifaceted effects

Question 21

name example of pre-natal effect on atypical development

Answer 21

exposure to teratogen = FASD

Question 22

name example of environmental effects on atypical development

Answer 22

complications during birth = CP

Question 23

name example of genetic effects on atypical development

Answer 23

hereditary, spontaneous mutation (CNV) = Williams syndrome, DS

Question 24

name example of unknown/multifaceted effects on atypical development

Answer 24

ASD, ADHD

Question 25

what causes FASD

Answer 25

ethanol alter DNA + protein synthesis, inhibits cell migration = physical/cognitive change unsure what amount alcohol needed, depend when consumed (early pregnancy), associated with binge drinking

Question 26

whats prevalence of FASD in Ontario Canada

Answer 26

2-3% primary school children

Question 27

name abnormal facial features in FASD

Answer 27

smooth ridge between nose and upper lip, microcephaly (small head)

Question 28

name physical issues in FASD

Answer 28

shorter, low BMI, sleep and sucking issue as baby, vision/hearing problem, heart/kidney/bone problem

Question 29

name cognitive issues in FASD

Answer 29

hyperactive, poor coordination, attention issues, poor memory, LD, speech and language delay, low IQ, poor reasoning and judgement abilities

Question 30

what is issues when diagnosising in FASD

Answer 30

overlaps with ADHD

Question 31

explain diagnosing intellectual disability

Answer 31

standalone diagnosis, but can cooccur on other NDC (autism, FASD) diagnosis based on IQ evaluation and adaptive behaviours mild, moderate, severe and profound

Question 33

in unknown, or multifacted effects on NDC, what is used in diagnoses

Answer 33

behavioural observation

Question 34

name and explain 2 diagnostic features of ADHD

Answer 34

inattention (both modulation and disengaging - hyperfixation) hyperactivity and impulsivity

Question 35

name 2 diagnostic features for ASD

Answer 35

deficits in social communication and social interaction restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities

Question 36

outline size orders of gene, DNA etc..

Answer 36

DNA (instruction), contain genes, contain chromosomes

Question 37

how is chromosome labelled

Answer 37

short arm = p long arm = q chromosome regions label with numbers = lower number mean closest to centre of it

Question 38

define genetic abnormalities

Answer 38

too many or too few of particular genes resulting from extra, duplication, deletion chromosomes

Question 39

give example of NDC in extra chromosome

Answer 39

DS, extra chromosome-21

Question 40

give example of NDC in chromosome duplication

Answer 40

16p11.2

Question 41

give example of NDC in chromosome deletion

Answer 41

Williams syndrome

Question 42

what are deletion/duplication chromosomes also called

Answer 42

Copy Number Variants (CNV's)

Question 43

what is 16p.11.2 associated with

Answer 43

ADHD, autism, intellectual disability, anxiety, OCD

Question 44

outline 16p.11.2 varied presentation

Answer 44

can lead to condition, or is undetected usually only detected when come into clinic for signs of developmental delay, autistic features

Question 45

what causes William syndrome

Answer 45

spontaneous deletion at chromosome 7q11.2

Question 46

give physical characteristic of Williams syndrome

Answer 46

distinct facial appearance, cardiac anomalies, connective tissue anomalies

Question 47

give cognitive characteristics of William syndrome

Answer 47

highly sociable personality, atypical cognitive profile (verbal IQ strength> performance VSS IQ)

Question 48

name prevalence of William syndrome

Answer 48

1/10,000

Question 49

outline physical characteristic of DS

Answer 49

short neck, poor muscle tone, flattened facial profile and nose, upward slanting eyes, wide and short hand with shorter fingers, single deep crease across palms of hand

Question 50

outline cognitive feature of DS

Answer 50

short attention span, impulsive behaviour, slow learning, delayed language and speech development, variable IQ (usually 30-70)