Psyc Ch. 12

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

type of conditioning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one of which evokes an automatic response

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 2

stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response

Question 3

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 3

stimulus that evokes a particular response only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned Response

Answer 4

response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned Response

Answer 5

response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Instrumental Conditioning

Answer 6

a type of condition in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior

Question 7

Reinforcer

Answer 7

any event that increases the future probability of the preceding response

Question 8

Punishment

Answer 8

an event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response

Question 9

Engram

Answer 9

physical representation of what has been learned

Question 10

Equipotentiality

Answer 10

concept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors; any part of the cortex can substitute for any other

Question 11

Mass Action

Answer 11

concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better

Question 12

Lateral Interpositus Nucleus (LIP)

Answer 12

a nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for certain conditioned responses

Question 13

Working Memory

Answer 13

storage of memory while one is working with it

Question 14

Delayed Resonse Task

Answer 14

you respond to something that you saw or heard a short while ago

Question 15

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 15

brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency

Question 16

Confabulation

Answer 16

a distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill in memory gaps with guesses

Question 17

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 17

condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite

Question 18

Amyloid-B

Answer 18

a protein that accumulates to higher than normal levels in the brain of people with Alzheimer’s disease

Question 19

Tau Protein

Answer 19

part of the intracellular support structure of axons

Question 20

Infant Amnesia

Answer 20

tendency to forget the experiences of early childhood

Question 21

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 21

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

Question 22

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 22

loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage

Question 23

Semantic Memories

Answer 23

memories of factual information

Question 24

Episodic Memories

Answer 24

memories of single personal events EPSP. See Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question 25

Explicit or Declarative Memory

Answer 25

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

Question 26

Implicit Memory

Answer 26

an influence of experience on behavior, even if the influence is not recognized

Question 27

Procedural Memory

Answer 27

the development of motor skills and habits; a special kind of implicit memory

Question 28

Delayed Matching-to-Sample Task

Answer 28

task in which an animal sees a sample object and then after a delay must choose an object that matches the sample

Question 29

Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Task

Answer 29

task in which an animal sees an object and then after a delay must choose an object that does not match the sample

Question 30

Place Cells

Answer 30

hippocampal neurons that respond most strongly when an animal is in a particular place and headed in a particular direction

Question 31

Grid Cells

Answer 31

entorhinal cortex cells that respond when an animal is in any of a number of places arranged in a hexagonal grid pattern

Question 32

Time Cells

Answer 32

hippocampal neurons that respond most strongly at a particular point within a sequence of times

Question 33

AMPA Receptor

Answer 33

a glutamate receptor that can respond to α-amino-3-hydrozy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)

Question 34

Associativity

Answer 34

property that a weak input paired with a stronger input enhances a neuron’s later response to the weaker input

Question 35

BDNF

Answer 35

a neurotrophin similar to nerve growth factor

Question 36

Cooperativity

Answer 36

tendency for nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons to produce long-term potentiation much more effectively than stimulation by just one

Question 37

Habituation

Answer 37

a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli

Question 38

Hebbian Synapse

Answer 38

a synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Question 39

Long-Term Depression

Answer 39

a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse where the axons have been less active than other axons afferent to that neuron

Question 40

Long-Term Potentiation

Answer 40

phenomenon that when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with a rapid series of stimuli, some of the synapses become more responsive to new input of the same type for minutes, days, or weeks LTD. See Long-term depression LTP. See Long-term potentiation

Question 41

NMDA Receptor

Answer 41

a glutamate receptor that can respond to the drug N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) NO. See Nitric oxide

Question 42

Retrograde Transmitter

Answer 42

a transmitter released by a postsynaptic cell that travels back to the presynaptic cell to modify it

Question 43

Sensitization

Answer 43

an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli

Question 44

Specifity

Answer 44

property that highly active synapses become strengthened and less active synapses do not

Question 45

g

Answer 45

general intelligence, a factor inferred from the fact that scores on different cognitive tests correlate with one another