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Psyc 275 > Psyc Ch. 5 & Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Psyc Ch. 5 & Ch. 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of Specific Nerve Engergies

A

statement that whatever excites a particular nerve always sends the same kind of information to the brain

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2
Q

Pupil

A

an opening in the center of the iris where light enters

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3
Q

Retina

A

the rear surface of the eye, which is lined with visual receptors

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4
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

type of neuron in the retina that receives input directly from the receptors

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5
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

type of neuron in the retina that receives input from the bipolar cells

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6
Q

Optic Nerve

A

ganglion cell axons that exit through the back of the eye and continue to the brain

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7
Q

Blind Spot

A

area at the back of the retina where the optic nerve exits; it is devoid of receptors

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8
Q

Fovea

A

a tiny area of the retina specialized for acute, detailed vision

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9
Q

Midget Ganglion Cells

A

ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates

Small and respond to one single cone

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10
Q

Rods

A

type of retinal receptor that detects brightness of light

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11
Q

Cones

A

type of retinal receptor that contributes to color perception

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12
Q

Photopigments

A

chemicals contained in rods and cones that release energy when struck by light

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13
Q

Trichromatic or Young-Helmholtz Theory

A

theory that color is perceived through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each one maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths

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14
Q

Visual Field

A

area of the world that an individual can see at any time

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15
Q

Negative Colour Afterimage

A

result of staring at a colored object for a prolonged length of time and then looking at a white surface

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16
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

idea that we perceive color in terms of opposites

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17
Q

Colour Constancy

A

the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

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18
Q

Retinex Theory

A

concept that the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area

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19
Q

Colour Vision Deficiency

A

impaired ability to perceive color differences

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20
Q

Horizontal Cells

A

type of cell that receives input from receptors and delivers inhibitory input to bipolar cells

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21
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

thalamic nucleus that receives incoming visual information

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22
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons

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23
Q

Receptive Field

A

the area in visual space that excites or inhibits any neuron

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24
Q

Parvocellular Neurons

A

small cell bodies with small receptive fields in or near the fovea PCP. See Phencyclidine

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25
Magnocellular Neurons
large cell bodies with large receptive fields that are distributed evenly throughout the retina
26
Koniocellular Neurons
small ganglion cells that occur throughout the retina
27
Primary Visual Cortex/Area V1/ Striate Cortex
area of the cortex responsible for the first stage of visual processing
28
Blindsight
the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously
29
Simple Cell
type of visual cortex cell that has a receptive field with fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones
30
Complex Cells
type of visual cortex cell located in areas V1 and V2 that responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field
31
End-Stopped/Hypercomplex Cells
type of visual cortex cell that resembles complex cells; responds best to stimuli of a precisely limited type, anywhere in a large receptive field, with a strong inhibitory field at one end of its field
32
Feature Detectors
neurons whose responses indicate the presence of a particular feature
33
Sensitive Period
time early in development when experiences have a particularly strong and enduring influence
34
Retinal Disparity
the discrepancy between what the left and right eyes see
35
Strabismus
(or strabismic amblyopia or lazy eye) a condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction
36
Astigmatism
a decreased responsiveness to one direction of line or another, caused by an asymmetric curvature of the eyes
37
Secondary Visual Cortex (area V2)
area of the brain that processes information from the primary visual cortex and transmits it to additional areas
38
Ventral Stream
visual paths in the temporal cortex that are specialized for identifying and recognizing objects; the “what” path
39
Dorsal Stream
visual path in the parietal cortex that helps the motor system locate objects; the “where” path
40
Inferior Temporal Cortex
portion of the cortex where neurons are highly sensitive to complex aspects of the shape of visual stimuli within very large receptive fields
41
Visual Agnosia
an inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision
42
Fusiform Gyrus
brain area of the inferior temporal cortex that recognizes faces
43
Prosopagnosia
the inability to recognize faces due to damage of several brain areas
44
MT or V5
area of the middle temporal lobe that is important for perception of visual motion
45
MST
(medial superior temporal cortex), temporal cortex area that responds best to the expansion, contraction, or rotation of a visual display
46
Motion Blindness
an impaired ability to perceive movement
47
Saccades
voluntary eye movements SAD. See Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
48
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain a variable, such as temperature, within a fixed range
49
Set Point
a value that the body works to maintain
50
Negative Feedback
homeostatic processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point
51
Allostasis
the adaptive way in which the body changes its set points depending on the situation
52
Basal Metabolism
energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest Battle fatigue. See Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
53
Ectothermic
controlling temperature by relying on external sources of heat or cooling ECT. See Electroconvulsive therapy
54
Preoptic Area/Anterior Hypothalamus, or POH/AH
brain area important for temperature regulation, thirst, and sexual behavior
55
Vasopressin
hormone that raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels
56
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
hormone that enables the kidneys to reabsorb water from urine; also known as vasopressin
57
Osmotic Pressure
tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high solute concentration
58
Osmotic Thirst
thirst triggered by certain neurons that detect the loss of their own water
59
OVLT
brain area that detects osmotic pressure and salt content of the blood
60
Subfornical Organ (SFO)
brain structure adjoining the third ventricle of the brain, where its cells monitor osmotic pressure and sodium concentration
61
Lateral Preoptic Area
part of the hypothalamus that controls drinking
62
Supraoptic Nucleus
part of the hypothalamus that controls the release rate of vasopressin SWS. See Slow-wave sleep
63
Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
part of the hypothalamus in which activity tends to limit meal size and damage leads to excessively large meals
64
Angiotensin 2
hormone that constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure; triggers thirst Animals. See also Primates
65
Hypovolemic Thirst
thirst provoked by low blood volume
66
Sodium-Specific Hunger
increased preference for salty tastes
67
Lactase
intestinal enzyme that metabolizes lactose
68
Lactose
sugar in milk
69
Sham-Feeding
procedure in which everything that an animal swallows leaks out a tube connected to the esophagus or stomach Shell shock. See Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
70
Vagus Nerve
tenth cranial nerve, which has branches to and from stomach and several other organs
71
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
hormone released from the duodenum that constricts the sphincter muscle between the stomach and duodenum, limiting the meal size
72
Insulin
pancreatic hormone that enables glucose to enter the cells
73
Glucagon
pancreatic hormone that stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose
74
Leptin
hormone released by fat cells in proportion to their volume
75
Arcuate Nucleus
hypothalamic area with sets of neurons for hunger and satiety
76
Ghrelin
chemical released by the stomach during a period of food deprivation; also released as a neurotransmitter in the brain, where it stimulates eating
77
Neuropeptide Y
peptide that blocks the satiety actions of the paraventricular nucleus
78
Agouti-related Peptide
inhibitory transmitter that blocks the satiety actions of the paraventricular nucleus
79
Melanocortins
type of chemical that promotes satiety
80
Lateral Hypothalamus
area of the hypothalamus that controls insulin secretion, alters taste responsiveness, and facilitates feeding in other ways
81
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
region of the hypothalamus in which damage leads to faster stomach emptying and increased secretion of insulin
82
Bulimia Nervosa
a condition in which people alternate between binges of overeating and periods of strict dieting
83
Anorexia Nervosa
disorder characterized by refusal to eat enough to remain healthy

Psyc 275 (10 decks)

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