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PSYC228_Chap11 Flashcards

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1
Q

during young adulthood

A

brain continue to grow, body peaks in physical strength + mind finds ways to makes sense of adult world

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2
Q

adulthood timing is

A

different for diff people, depends on social world where they live

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3
Q

socialization

A

process of acquiring skills needed to adapt behaviours + expectations to fit norms of given culture

how culture prepares young people for adulthood
process by which parents, teachers, + community members encourage y people to control their behaviours, develop healthy habits, contribute to their families, schools + communities

implicitely promote taking responsibility = key makrer of adult status

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4
Q

in cultures where there is no clear line betw adolescence + adulthood, becoming an adult is

A

a personal, individualized experienced, not easilyt observed by others

process involves establishing oneself in adult social world by commirting to adult social roles like employee, spouse, parent, community member

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5
Q

2011 average age of mothers at birth of first child

A

28.5
5 yrs greater than average in 1965

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6
Q

what forces have altered pathways to adulthood in canada?

A

global, social, economic

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7
Q

cohabit

A

live together + have sexual relationship without being married

more likely now + more young people likely to leave 20s not married at all

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8
Q

betw 1972 + 2008 average age of firs tmarriage inc by

A

6 yrs

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9
Q

qualitative interview

A

research method used to gain understanding of way others think about a topic

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10
Q

emerging adulthood

A

stage of development betw adolescence + adulthood that young people in indusstrialized countries tend to have in late teens + 20s

based off qualitative interviews - Arnett said emerging adulthood = new twenty-first century stage of life betw adolescence + young adulthood

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11
Q

arnett said

A

emerging adulthood = time in life when young people explore possibilities in love + work + delay committing to relationships + careers

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12
Q

arnett’s 5 key characterisitics of emerging adulthood

A

identity exploration = exploration of who am I, especially with regard to love + work

instability = work, education, _ love tend to be in flux

self-focused = few responsibilities + great autonomy translate into much time to attend to self

feeling in-between = emerging adults typically odn’t feel like adolescents but don’t feely fully like adults either

a time of possibilities = as emerging adults begin to create their own lives, tend to feel great optimisim about their futures

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13
Q

argument against emerging adulthood stage

A

actually delayed or arrested adulthood
not about exploration but result of exonomic circumstances preventing young people from entering labour market

high unemployment + underemployment for young people

development stalled due to lack of job opportunities

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14
Q

young adulthood

A

stage of lifespan when adult is committed to 1+ adult social roles, including employee, homeowner, committed partner, + parent

characterized by committment to adult roles + responsibilities

carreers + marriages + parenting = key markers

most enetered by 30 yrs

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15
Q

what factors can affect when people take on roles associated with adulthood

A

family background
socio-economic status,
gender
race

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16
Q

vitality

A

capacity to live

peaks in 20s

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17
Q

senescence

A

gradual age-related decline in physical systems

follows peak of vitatality

noteceable sigsn of aging surface during 30s
- wrinkles
inc fatty tissue
greying of hair

fairly consistent arnd world

but lifestyle choices young people make in 20s + 30s have a lot to do with how aging process affects their bodies + brains

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18
Q

brains show potential for continued growth + maturation

A

well into 20s and even later

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19
Q

brain changes in 20s occur mainly in

A

prefrontal cortext as result of ongoing pruning + inc white matter volume

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20
Q

plasticity

A

process whereby brain continues to change

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21
Q

executive system

A

set of complex + sophisticated cognitive control + management abilities that require coordination of more than one region of the brain to perform

grows + evolves? as prefrontal cortex develops

maturation of executive system involves inc complex coordination in 2+ areas of brain
matures as result of types of experiences young people have during transition to adulthood

emotional control, organization, planning + prioritizing, goal-directed persistence + time management

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22
Q

problems with executive functioning are most often associated iwth

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD
but also seen by others

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23
Q

executive functioning abilities play role in

A

predicting educational + occupational attainment in 20s 30s, + midlife

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24
Q

workings of all biological systems are

A

interrelated

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25
problems/impairments in executive functioning
activation = organizing, prioritizing, initiating work/projects focus = sustaining + shifting attention effort = regulating aletness, sustaining effort, processing info emotion = managing frustration + modulating emotions memory = utilizing + accessing short-term memory action = monitoring + self-regulating action
26
after adolescence, bone lengthening
slows tremendously complete arnd 25yrs
27
epiphyses
enlarged ends of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft at end of growth, fuse + stop producing new growth
28
adult height determined primarily by
bone length by emerging adulthood, we are as tall as we are going to get
29
why do females tend to reach max heights slightly earlier than males?
bec bone growth is closely related to hormones - estrogen which is in higher quantities in females
30
bone mass peaks in
early adulthood 80% bone mass acheived by 20 peaks arnd 30 yrs men + women after that, rate of bone loss + new bone production is about equal most young adults see bone mass deterioration has begun by mid 30s
31
how can young adults protect bones?
by maintaining hormonal balance + emotional health
32
bone mineral density
amount of minerals like ca in an individ's bones as he/she ages
33
muscle mass + strength peak in
20s
34
muscle makes up approx
34% of mass - females 42% of mass - males 18-29 yrs variation results from diffs in genetic + environmental contributions to growth during earliest yrs of development + influence of hormones on development during adolescence - estrogen
35
atrophy = dec of muscle begins at age
25 muscle fibers begin to shrink + we lose muscle tissue altogether lose about 0.5%-1% of muscle/yr not noticeable till mid-40s smaller muscles like arms lose muscle slower than larger muslcles like legs
36
reproductive health
responsible, satisfying + safe sex life, including capability to reproduce, + freedome to decide if, when, + how often to do so affected by norms, education + contraception
37
height of active sexuality + reproductive abilities at age
18-30
38
they say that
abortion doesn't inc woman's mental health problems but unwanted pregnancy does
39
what % of women age 15-44 are faced with infertility
12% often associated with age woman's likelihood of getting pregnant dec significantly fater 30s
40
infertility is
stressful + often ssociated with dec in marital + sexual satisfaction many couples turn to alternative pathways to parenthood - infertility treatement + adoption
41
fertility
natural capacity to produce offspring
42
infertility
medically defined as not conceiving pregnancy after 1 yr of unprotected sexual intercourse
43
what % of infertility can be treated
90%
44
treatments for infertility
surgery ovulation induction intrauterine insemination assisted reproductive technology (ART - IVF)
45
assisted reproductive technology ART
method of infertility treatment where eggs are removed from woman's body, combiined with sperm + reintroduced into body both sperm + eggs handled by medical staff
46
in vitro fertilization IVF
manual combination of egg + sperm in laboratory dish most frequent form of ART - 99% of cases
47
what factors affect likelihood of couples using infertility treatments
economic status religious beliefs ethical considerations individ needs oc couple
48
lesbian + gay couples often have higher success rates with ART than heterosexual couples bec
often don't have the underlying issues of being infertile
49
adoption requires parents be
physically, mentally + legally fit
50
adoption agency
orgnization licensed by province to prepare adoptive parents, counsel birth parents, perform home studies, complete paperwork, place children in homes, perform other adoption-related functions
51
adoption counsellor
therapeutically skilled + trained professional who is also knowledgeable about adoption issues + dynamics
52
adoption + child welfare is uner
provincial jurisdiction each province ahs own laws + regulations
53
gerontologist
professional who studies social, psychological + biological aspects of aging used to assume that intellectual devlopment peaked in late teens + early 20s, then underwent noticeable dec in intellectual functioning
54
world view
lens or overall perspective an individ uses to see + interpret the world; personal philosophy of life
55
most cognitive dec does not occur till after
60s
56
perry
said that upon entry into university students were assured of world view, then dualistic thinking challenged, destabilized + less ure of ways of seeing things adopted more subjective world view that required them to understand context + multi-dimensionality of isse
57
perry 3 main positions of adult intellectual growth university students' thinking develops thru 3 predictable stages
dualism = either/or thinking (sudents believe there is a single right answer to any question. students receive knowledge when professors teach it to them. students believe that learning involves taking notes, memorizing facts + demonstrating knowledge of facts on exams) multiplicity = knowledge is subjective (students believe knowledge is an opinion. students + professors are equally entitled to their own opinions. students at this stage rebel against critique of their workd, believing that feeback is opinion) relativism = knowledge is constructed (sutdents believe opinions are based on values, experiences + knowledge. students can argue their perspective _ consider relative merit of opinions by evaluating evidence. view faculty as having better-informed opinions in their area of expertise + believe professors are valuable in thier ability to teach students how to evaluate knowledge.)
58
postformal thought
quality of thinking beyound piaget's formal operational stage that includes cognitive felxibility, practicality, + relativism manifests + matures in emerging adult yrs, labouvie
59
cognitive flexibility
executive function that allows individ to piece together elemetns of knowledge to fit demands of given situation gained by young people who develop postformal thought + less rigid world views
60
creativity
state/quality of being able to generate new + valuable ideas or things results when specific combinaiton of genetic predispositions, environmental factors + opportunity beings to rise during emerging + late adulthood
61
morbidity
rate of disease in population very good for 18-30 yrs most relatively disease free compared with later stages
62
life course health approach
model that uses people's trajectories of health from conception thru death to study + understand development of disease + promotion of health longitudinal considers each person's individ health history/trajectory beginning in yrs before adulthood transition + stretching thru periods fater early adulthood can see risk + protective factors from people's earliest yrs make importantn contributions to health during 20s/30s
63
mortality is
low in 20s/30s
64
laeding causes of death for 19-29 yrs olds are consequences of high-risk behaviours top 3 are
unintentional injury - 80% homicide suicide
65
mortality
rate of death in pop
66
potential yrs of life lost
estimate of average yrs person would have lived if he/she hadn't died
67
what % of people who die in emerging + early adult yrs are male?
75% especially pronouced for homicide individuals risk behaivour is most gendered during 20s - heuveline
68
psychiatric disorders
mental disorder or mental illness that is a pattern of feelings, thoughts, or behaviours that cause distress or disability common during emerging adulthood durign average 12month period, 44% of 18-29 yrs olds will meet criteria for psychiatric disorder rate is higher than any other adult age group
69
what are the most common psychiatrid disoders for 18-29 yrs olds?
anxiety disorders -abnormal, pathological worry substance use disorders mood disorders
70
the chronic diseases of youth are
psychiatric disorders bec 75% of psychiatric disorders in emerging adulthood are continuations from perv years
71
4 modifiable health risk behaviours of many emerging adults
lack of physical activity poor nutrition tobacco use excessive alcohol consumption - linked to inc risk for illness, suffering, + early death in adult yrs
72
substance use disorder
mental disorder that occurs when substance use interferes with person's daily life or functioning
73
dec physical activity =
inc risk of heart disease high bp rype 2 diabetes some types of cancer

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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