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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap13 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap13 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

middle age relative to

A

average life expectancy at birth
varies

= 40s + 60s

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2
Q

life expectancy

A

average # of yrs a person can expect to live?

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3
Q

exercise + nutrition

A

= same benefits as earlier in life
also significantly slow normal biological aging/ senescence
by mid-life almost everyone experiences some signs of dec in key physical systems

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4
Q

nervous system in middle adulthood

A

brain volume dec
mor variation in mid-life brain health
dec brain volume = dec executive functioning skills + ability to make decision, plna, organize, + focus attention

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5
Q

smokers brains

A

shrink mor rapidly than non-smokers

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6
Q

brain shrinkage risks

A

depression
stress
high bp
obesity
diabetes
high cholesterol

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7
Q

executive functioning

A

information-processing skills involved in problem solving + strategy design + execution

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8
Q

even though shrinking adult brain is

A

capable of learning new things

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9
Q

why can brains demonstrate plasticity + capacity to rebuild + recover after insult

A

due in part to ability to produce new neurons from neural stem cells - neurogenesis

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10
Q

neurogenesis

A

process of generating new neurons from stem cells

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11
Q

obesity is linked to what cognitive diseases?

A

parkinson’s
alzheimer’s

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12
Q

bone resorption

A

process of bone cells breaking down + transforming into a fluid substance that enters blood
process thru which bone remodelling occurs

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13
Q

in middle adulthood, bone less

A

starts to outpace bone replacement
- begins conti process of skeletal dec into later adulthood yrs

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14
Q

women tend to lose more bone density than men partly bec of smaller bones but also

A

menopause-related dec in hormone estrogen causing post-menopausal women to develop fragile bones

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15
Q

bone loss is greater for people who

A

don’t engage in weight=bearing activities - activities you do on your feet that works bones + muscles against gravity

hiking, walking, yard work

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16
Q

muscle strength peaks in

A

early 30s

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17
Q

sarcopenia

A

process of skeletal muscle loss due to aging
age-related muscle loss

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18
Q

muscles can get more

A

flexible with age

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19
Q

concentric movement

A

contraction of muscles during physical activity

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20
Q

eccentric muscle movement

A

lengthening of muscles as they return to original position after stretching

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21
Q

2 ypes of muscle movement

A

concentric - contract to lfit object
eccentric - muscles lengthen/return to original position like when putting something down

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22
Q

as we age, concentric strength may be lost, but

A

eccentric strength is maintained quite well + may even inc

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23
Q

small spots on face, arms/exposed skin

A

age spots, livers pots, solar lentigines
from yrs of sun exposure
mostly not dangerous, but
can signifity skin cancer

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24
Q

epidermis + dermis

A

change due to aging

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25
what processes cause skin to lose elasticity + become dry + wrinkled + cracks
of collagen cells dec in dermis + sebaceous glands work less efficiently best way to slow = exercise bec sweatign keeps skin soft + elastic + diet
26
what pigment gives hair its colour
melanin as we age, each new replacement of hair contains less + less melanin, resulting in hair turnign grey
27
sense become
less able to accurately discriminate incoming information
28
3 key optical changes
presbyopia myopia visual acuity
29
presbyopia
inability of the eyes to accommodate so that they can focus on objects at a normal reading distance inability to focus on nearby objects, most likley in people who had previously excellent vision
30
myopia
nearsightedness, or ability to see close objects clearly but inability inability to see distance objects clearly may dec allowing some to see objects at distance better, changes bec eye gradually getting smaller + changing focal point of retina
31
visual acuity
ability to discriminate detail, dec continuously as we age
32
hearing dec
but less noticeable in mid-life bec declines very slowly
33
conductive hearing loss
hearing loss resulting from conduction impairments in middle ear common hearling loss
34
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss resulting from loss of hair cells along/on basilar membrane of inner ear
35
factors influencing middle-aged adults' decisions about whether or not to use/get hearing aids
convenience extent of hearing disbality expected benefits financial costs
36
taste + smell diminish,
salty + sweet lost first, then bitter + sour lost too
37
fluid intelligence
Cattell category of intelligence that drives reasoning + logic
38
Cattell
analyzed how individs reason as they get older fluid intelligence stronlgy influences cognitive ability in childhood drives problem solving, pattern recognition, abstract reasoning high fluid intelligence = predoctor for likelihood of successfully working thru problems of complexity, ambiguity, or uncertainty inces thru young adulthood after which it steadies + declines crystallized intelligence = second dimension, accumulated knowledge, skills + konwledge accumulated thru learning _ life experience increases linearly thru middle adulthood
39
crystallized intelligence
category of intelligence that contains basic info that we acquire over time, like facts + figures
40
bec young people tend to use more fluid intelligence and older people use more crystallized intelligence based off previous experience,
young people can come up with more novel ways to approach things
41
most significant cognitive decline during
67-88 yrs
42
what have negative effects on peoples cognitive ability in mid-life?
stress + feeling a lack of control
43
3 processes people invoke to help maximize gains and minimize losses dur to aging on cognition
selection, optimization, compensation
44
selective optimization with compensation
= meta-theory baltes cenceptual model useful for describing, explaining, + predicting successful development thru out adulthood theory of successful aging that ids 3 processes people use to maximize gains + minimize losses in reponse to aging ability to succesfully apply three SOC processes direct determinant of our success + well-being
45
selection
= process of ids goals that are reasonable + reachable given person's capabilities
46
optimization
process of investing effort + resources in a concentrated attempt to reach a selected goal
47
compensation
process of revixing a selected goal so that its better suited to one's ability to reach it
48
young adults primarily use
selection setting life goals to guide their investments of time + energy
49
as people age into mid-life, they begin to use
optimization + compensation processes more often
50
expertise development from least to most experienced
novice, initiate, apprentice, journeyman, expert, master
51
key ingredient that makes a person an expert
recognition-primed decision-making fadde
52
recognition-primed decision-making
fadde proficiency in decision-making based on ability to quickly recognize most relevant features of a situation
53
exertise =?
combination of experience competence confidence ability to separate relevant from irrelevant features in particular situation
54
how many adults are obese
1/4 canadians most likely to be obese = 35-64 yrs
55
obesogenic environment
aspects of the community that create barriers for physical activity + ready access to highly nutritional food
56
menopause
period of time where a woman's production of hormones (estrogen + progesterone) begins to decline, causing changes in her reproductive capabilities not abrupt - takes place oveer number of yrs after no menstrual period for a yr due to changes in reproductive hormones consequence of reduced production of estrogen + complete halt of progesterone most begin in late 40s, + complete by 55, for some continues into 60s
57
andropause
dec in male hormone testosterone resulting in physiological reproductive cahnges such as lower sperm count + penile responsivness doesn't result in inability to reproduce
58
leading cause of death in mid-life
diseases (cancer + heart disease) no longer unintentional injuries
59
men are more likely to die from
heart disease than women bec estrogen has a protective effect on women's cardiovascular health so risk of heart disease inc during menopause women also more likely than men to underestimate risk + misinterpret symptoms + delay getting health
60
cancers are
leading cause of death in mid-life inc physical activity + avoiding weight gain are general protective strategies for increasing odds of good heatlh + reducing risk for cancer
61
functional capacity
physiological systems of the body that maintain health + life: digestive system, endocrine system, immune system, lyphatic system, muscular system, nervous system, reproductive system, respiratory system, skeletal system, urinary system concern of health care professionals wokring from life course health perspective ability to take care of oneself lung capacity, muscular strength, + cardiovascular output inces in childhood, peaks in early adulthood, decliens after
62
stress response
change in physiological functioning of the body's systems when it perceives an external threat or attack
63
allostatic load
physiologic wear + tear on body as reuslt of repeated + longterm exposure to stress, consequence of which is an acceleration of disease processes + health problems

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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