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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap15 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap15 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

all people recognize signs of aging by

A

age 60

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2
Q

senescence

A

physical signs of aging
most rapid at end of lifespan

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3
Q

most commom statistic to compare health of older adults in various countries

A

average life expectancy at birth

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4
Q

life expctancy for aboriginal canadians is

A

5 yrs lower than other canadians

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5
Q

lifespan

A

highest boundary or limit of a particular sp

guinness world records - 122

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6
Q

gerontology

A

area of social science that studies the physical, cognitive, + socio-emotional issues in later adulthood

likely to cont to expand

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7
Q

in 1931, less than 60% of males and 62% of females survived to age

A

65

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8
Q

in 2001, 84% of males + more. than 90% of females lived to

A

65

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9
Q

during next 40 yrs, people over 65 expected to

A

more than double in US

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10
Q

clarke thinks that steady inc in life expectancy due to

A

improved nutrition
better hygiene,
access to safe drinking water
effective birth control
immunization
other medical interventions

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11
Q

on average, how many yrs can canadians expect to spend in good health

A

70-80 yrs

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12
Q

centenarian

A

someone hwo is at least 100 yrs old

growing group

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13
Q

global life expectancy has inc from 64 to

A

70 in 2011

a lot due to dec in child mortality + health improvements in china + india

but life expectancy has dec in coutnries with limited resources

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14
Q

three groups of elderly

A

young-old
old-old
oldest-old

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15
Q

young-old

A

traditionally healthy, actice, independent, betw 60-75

adults in thier later yrs betw 60-75, who are still healthy active + independent

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16
Q

old-old

A

adults in their layer yrs, traditionally betw ages 75-85, who are beginning to deal iwth dec health
beginning to deal with loss of spouses + health

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17
Q

oldest-old

A

adults in their later yrs, traditionally, over 85, who are at risk for illness + injury + often dependent on others for assistance with daily living activities
often living in some type of assisted facility

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18
Q

senescence is may be multidirectional

A

some systems dec while others improve funciton

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19
Q

contracting muscles dec faster than

A

lengthening muscles

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20
Q

program theory of aging

A

theory that aging occurs bec of some predetermined internal or external chemical process built into cells that cause deterioration over time

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21
Q

error theory of aging

A

theory that aging occurs bec of environmental forces such as disease that affect the function of cells, causing deterioration

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22
Q

hayflick’s limit

A

number of times a cell can divide during the lifespan based on a predetermined number of cell divisions

internal clock with finite limit of times of divisions
biological clocks

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23
Q

fountain of youth enzyme?

A

telomerase
in cancer cells
replaces loss of telomere which usually signals division stop
hoping to get it to target normal cells

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24
Q

theory of programmed cell is death is a

A

evolutionary theory

based on assumption that nat selection influences biological processes, resulting in destruction of organisms that don’t reproduce

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25
apoptosis
programmed cell death + self destruct occurs with greater freq as we age
26
error theories of aging
based on assupmtion that aging is affected by outside forces no internal clock suggest that aging is caused by factors that affect normal cell processes - free radicals, disease, genetic mutation
27
leading cause of death from birth to middle adulthood
unintentional injury + accidents
28
once reach middle adulthood, leading cause of death is
disease
29
wear and tear theory
the longer we live, the mor elikely our tissues will wear down + eventually die humna body ages as result of use, overuse, + environmental stressors physical trauma, environmental toxins, overuse compare to car weismann generally considered outdated
30
brain vol changes across lifespan
early adolescence + young adulthood = waves of growth after age 35 = dec in vol
31
greater dec in brain vol in later yrs, is correlated with
reduce cognitive abilites + slower reaction times
32
what findings suggest that vol loss of brain may have little to no bearing on function
that older adults lose vol in preforntal cortex, but use it more than adolescents result in functional brain plasiticity
33
leading cause of death for older adults in canada + industrialized natiosn
cardiovascular disease develops from dec in flexibility of veins + arteries + dec efficiency of heart muscle to pump
34
consequences of aging + less activity
arteriosclerosis (hardening of arterie) + coronary artery disease (plaque builtup in arteries)
35
most common issue in skeletal system as people age has to do with
loss of bone mass due to diminishing minerals + calcium
36
rheumatism
pain in the bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles not caused by accidents leading cause of lack of mobility in elderly
37
2 main types of rheumatism
rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis
38
rheumatoid arthritis
type of arthritis classified as an autoimmune disease in which body's own immune system causes an inflammation of tissue arnd joints immune system causes deterioration in cartilage + linings of joints betw bones swelling, pain, significant restriction of mobility
39
osteoarthritis
most common type of arthritis cartilage of joints to gradually diminish over time results from use + abuse of skeletal system hands, lower back, neck, knees, hips type of arthritis where skeletal joints + tissue wear down over tiem
40
most common treatment for both types of arthritis
medication for pain releif acetaminophen + ibuprofen - without prescription prescription - narcotic painkillers _ cortisone most drastic is surgury by realigning bones, fusing bones, or replacing bones
41
osteoporosis
degenerative disesae fo the skeletal system in which bone loss or resorption results in weakened + brittle bones disruption of bone remodelling causing bones to become brittle + weak
42
adls activities of daily living
necessary behavioural function of individs in order to meet basic survival needs, like eating, dressing, elimination + others
43
planned sequential movements require
coordination among muscular system, endorcine, + brain hormone issues can affect ability to make these movements
44
abilities that require information processing
maintina conversation read newspaper watch tv read intructions on medication
45
selective attention
ablity to attend to particular item in environment while inhibiting other distracting stimuli ability to destinguish betw relevant + irrelevanet info may be affected as visual systems dec
46
tope-down processing
forming perceptions beginning with a more general idea + then working toward more detailed info involves higher-level thought processes like executive function you know your friend has red heair, so you look for that colour when she gets off airplain
47
bottom-up processing
forming perceptions from smaller, finer details + then building upward into a solid general idea occurs at sensory level, cahnges in visual acuity + auditory processing mainly affect bottom-up processing friend coming off airplane yells your name
48
attention requires both
top-down processing + bottom-up processing
49
both top-down + bottom-up processing appear to dec in older adults, which one dec faster?
top-down
50
cognitive dec is accompanied by cahnges in
brain function + dec in visual + perceptual sensitivity
51
changes i working memory are correlated with a dec in brain activity associated iwth the
hippocampus remembers long apst memories, working/short term memory worse, can't rememebr where her glasses are
52
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
feelign you know a piece of info, but cannot recall it older adults experience it more frequently than adolescents or younger adults
53
wisdom
acccumulation of knowledge + experience, along with personal insight + common sense debated more than just knowledge + expertise combination of common sense, experience, personal insight along with tolerance, reason, + solid decision-making soemwhere betw self-actualization + ability to communicate thoguhts + perceptions intelligently
54
visual dec began in middle adulthood, + continues +
becomes more significant in later yrs
55
presbyopia
farsightedness - can't read small print/stuff close continues as eyes cahnge in shape + become smaller
56
in old age the retina
becomes less sensitive to light + causes difficulty to see at night
57
cataracts
shaed areas of the lense of the eye that can be treated surgically shading + discoloration of lens of eye
58
glaucoma
inc pressure within the eye that , if left untreated, can lead to serious vision problems inc pressure due to restriction of movement of liquid betw cornea + lens needs early treatment
59
age-related macular degeneration
leading cause of vision loss for older adults, caused by deterioration of central region of retina deterioratio of central region of retina, causes significant visual difficultly leading cause of vision loss in canadians if late stages, treatment can only slow vision loss main approach to treating = visual rehabilitation - teaching people to use remaning vision more effectively
60
most individs over 75 report
partial or significant hearing loss
61
between olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) which dec faster/earlier in older adults
olfactory/smell dec faster/earlier both affect quality of life
62
sensations like cold + heat, have higher thresholds as we age bec
age is associated iwth dimisnihing abilty to feel sensations
63
fastest growing age group in canada
over 85
64
biggest nutritional issue among older adults
overeating
65
dementia
loss of cognitive function, which may include language impairment, memory loss, + inability to recognize familiar people or objects most common in latin america dificiencies of cognitive + intellecuatl ability, inability to plan + organize, memory loss, language impairment, diminishing mobility + difficultly recognizing familiar people intereres with behavioural + psychological function
66
vascular dementia
common dementia caused by restricted supply of blood to brain typically after minor strokes second most common form of dementia 20% of dementias memory impairment, loss of communication skills, gradual deterioration in person's ability to carry out daily tasks + acitivities of living
67
lewy body dementia
round lewy bodies structures develop in parts of the brain involving thinkcing + movement = visual hallucinations, delusions, _ inc rates of falling no cure
68
alzheimer's disease
most common form of dementia in world 1/20 over 65 has it 1/4 over 85 has it 5-10% of cases due to familial autosomal dominant alzheimer's rest are sporadic usually individs over 60 irreversable + progressive, gradually destroying brain + abillity to remember, think clearly + perform activities of dialy living progressive form of dementia in whihc plaques + tanlgues form in brain, resulting in incing memory loss + eventually death

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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