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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap4 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap4 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

Freud + Erikson

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2
Q

Freud oral/anal stages

A

individ’s passive agents whose personalities driven by unconscious conflict betw biology of survival + societal rules + regulations
libido for survival
idea that libido was satisfied in mouth + anal area

toilet trainnig + sucking thumb/nursing

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3
Q

freud’s believed adult outcomes of infant fixations

A

overeating, alcoholism, smoking, sarcasm, talking too much - oral fixation during oral stage

anal-retentive personality - overly neat, orderly + controlled or anal-expulsive personality - messy, highly emotionally expressive, undercontrolled

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4
Q

part of personality or psychic structure that emerges during oral stage

A

id
no boundaries/limits
instant gratification
controversial oral stage

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5
Q

freud’s anal stage - toilet training initiates new personality compoenent?

A

ego
control id + impulsive bodily functions - bowl movements
continuing life theme

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6
Q

oral fixation

A

return to oral stage in later life shown thru habits like smoking, gum chewing, as result of too much/little gratification durign oral stage

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7
Q

anal fixation

A

return to anals tage in later life thru obsessive personality issues, as result of too much/little gratification during anal stage

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8
Q

critical attaacks of Freud’s early years

A

too sexually based + not testable
influence remains though
fails to say what is too much or little gratification

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9
Q

Erikson’s stages of trust vs mistrust + autonomy vs shame + doubt

A

social interaction emphasized
sex de-emphasized
early development acutely influenced by infant’s socail context

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10
Q

trust vs mistrust stage

A

erikson
first stage of psychosocial development is resolved when individ develops a sense of trust in environment to meet his/her needs
trsut in caregivers, themselves + world

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11
Q

autonomy vs shame + doubt stage

A

erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development
toddler begins to understand self-control thru key accomplishments

transformation based on physical + cognitive changes
toilet training central issue (like freud)
mastery of environment
develop autonomy

poor development has potential to influence adult beliefs

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12
Q

internalized shame is associated with believing one is

A

defective, flawed, unwanted, + unlovable

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13
Q

easy temperament

A

temperament of a child who is generally cheerful + adaptable + has regular patterns of eating + sleeping

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14
Q

temperament

A

biologically based invid differences in how one responds to teh environment that influence emotions, physical activity level, + attention

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15
Q

used to think temperament was stable + unchanging across lifespan but

A

now think development is more dynamic

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16
Q

new york longitudinal study

A

thomas + chess
indiv differences in primary reaction patterns
interviews with parents

came up with 9 NYLS temperaments, later condensed by Rothbart to 3

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17
Q

3 patterns temperament categories from NYLS

A

easy temperament
difficult temperament
slow-to-warm-up temperament

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18
Q

easy temperament

A

temperament of child who is generlaly cheerful + adaptable + has regular patterns of eating + sleeping

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19
Q

difficult temperament

A

temperament of child who is generally fuss, doesn’t respond well to new situations, + has irregular patterns of eating + sleeping

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20
Q

slow-to-warm-up temperament

A

temperament of child with low activity level who adjusts to new situations over time

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21
Q

Rothbart’s 3 broad dimensions of temperament

A

negative affectivity
extraversion/surgency
effortful control

can be seen in newborns + fetus

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22
Q

negative affectivity

A

Rothbart dimension of infant temperament having to do with fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort, + soothability

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23
Q

extraversion/surgency

A

Rothbart dimension defined by low shyness, high-intensity pleasure, smiling, laughter, activity level, positive anticipation, + high affiliation

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24
Q

effortful control

A

Rothbart dimension of infant temperament indicated by inhibitory control, attention control, low-intensity pleasure, + preceptual sensitivity

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25
rothbart view temperament as governed by
biological forces
26
amygdala
part of the brain that mediates emotion
27
what observation let to the development of goodness of fit?
that though some biological tendencies from infancy remain static, some do change
28
goodness of fit
relationship between environmental forces + predisposed temperament behaviour betw infan'ts predispositions to behave a certain way and parent's tendencies to respond interplay mediates future emotional attachments + outcomes
29
attachment
enduring emotional bond that connects 2 people across time + space primary = parents believed to be for survival
30
self-regulation
ability to deliberately change one's behaviour + emotion
31
bowlby
attachment thoery
32
attachment theory
prespective that process of social, emotional, + cognitive development occurs in context of caregiver-infant attachement bowlby, influenced by piaget object permanence also consistent with erikson's trust vs mistrust
33
Bowlby's 2 key developments that indicate baby's growing attachment to caregivers
separation anxiety stranger anxiety
34
separation anxiety
set of seeking + distress behaviours that occur when primary caregiver is removed from immediate environment of infant/child
35
stranger anxiety
disstressed avoidance of novel individual
36
who did the ethological work to learn about monkeys?
harlow attachment = basic need + necessary for survival attachment = inborn developmental process necessary for survival, not just reinforcement
37
attachment behaviour
behaviour that promotes proximity/contact such as approaching, following, + clinging in older infant + toddler
38
strange situation
means of categorizing attachment styles, consisting of series of episodes in which mother + child are observed together, separated + reunited in presence of stranger Ainsworth elicit attachment behaviours by creating inc stress
39
ainsworth
laboratory attachment behaviours diff individual differences strange situation
40
secure attachment
attachment style characterized by flexible proximity betw parent/infant + positive reunion behaviour
41
Ainsworth's 3 styles of attachment
secure attachment insecure-avoidant attachment insecure-resistant attachment
42
insecure-avoidant attachment
type of insecure attachemnt in which inhants show little-no distress upon separation + avoidant behaviour such as running from parent upon reunion
43
insecure-resistant attachment
type of insecure attachemnt where infant shows very high distress when separated + mixed reactions when reuinited
44
failure to thrive
bad condition where baby ceases to grow + loses desire to take in food 3-10% of infants in industrialized countires
45
3rd type of insecure attachment
disorganized/disoriented attachment
46
disorganized/disoriented attachment
type of insecure attachment characterized by inconsistent behaviour upon separation + reuinion that shows no clear pattern confused, fearful, inconsisent in strange situation maltreatement more likely than other groups
47
what proportion of middle-class infants are securely attached?
2/3
48
what is the central factor in development of attachemnt theory?
caregiver sensitivity
49
mothers of securly attached children tend to...
have higher sociability + extraversion lower measures of depression, neuroticism, + anxiety have insightfulness about infants internal states + motives also marital satisfaction
50
a sensitive caregiver is one who
consistently attends to infant's cues accurately interpersts their meaning promptly responds appropriately to enhance infant's trust in caregiver
51
synchrony
reciprocal + mutually rewarding qualities of an infant-caregiver attachemtn relationship
52
internal working model (IWM)
set of beliefs + expectations about attachment relationships based on infant's expereinces of sensitive or insensitive caregiving
53
IWM of caregiver
available, responsive + reliable serves as beliefs, expectations, about attachment relationships + guide an interpretive filter for all future relationships
54
later strange situation research fathers and mothers showed the same level of sensitivity to sons, but
fathers were less sensitive than mothers to daughters and mothers were more sensitive to daughters than sons
55
how infants + toddlers respond to separation depends on characteristics of separation environment
especially presence of sensitive + responsive substitute caregivers also have btter transition when mothers spend more time adapting them to daycare
56
bowlby's attachment theory viewes
infant caregiver attaachement as universal phenomenon that emerged thru human evolution to protect vulnerable infants
57
outcome of early secure attachment is
more harmonious parent-child relationship later on
58
what is a risk factor for development of psychopathology?
insecure attachment in infancy especially disorganized/disoriented
59
early secure attachment + continued sensitive caregiving is a significant predictor of
positive socio-emotional development
60
gender
social construction of expectations that a given culture associates witha person's biological sex
61
gender differences
cognitive + behavioural differences associated with gender
62
sex differences
biologically based differences betw sexes
63
emotion is
the language of the infant
64
most researchers agree that emotion is present at
birth
65
social smile
in infancy, first facial expression of pleasure, enabled by neurophysiological maturation + an inc readiness for social interactions with caregivers
66
primary emotion
emotion that is present in early life + most likely innate sadness, surprise, fear, joy, + anger
67
memories aiding emotions is at
6 months
68
secondary emotions + physical + cognitive development are at
9-20 months
69
emotional awareness explodes at
end of second yr
70
infants are expressing basic emotions at
birth
71
social smile + awakening of sociability leads to emotion complexity at
2-3 monrths
72
separation anxiety is at
6 months
73
secondary emotion
emotion emerging with the help of certain cognitive + social developments pride, guilt, shame + empathy
74
guilt
painful feeling of regret that arises when one causes, anticipates causing, or is associated with a negative act that violates one's moral standards
75
empathy
emotional response to another's emotinoal state that is similar to what the other person is feeling or might be expceted to feel
76
social referencing begins
6-12 months looks to caregiver when things happen to make decisions about how to respond
77
social referencing
using a caregiver's emotional cues to help understand an uncertain or ambiguous event or stimulus
78
social referencing is significant bec
means infants are good at reading emotional cues of others + using info to guide own responses social referencing is beginning of lifelong proces + feature of social development - using other's emotional signals to understand what is meaningful in society
79
piaget believed taht
we have no early awareness of ourselves as separate beings piaget's theory doesn't allow for slowly evolving differentiation during first yr of life not everybody agrees
80
self-awareness
ability to recognize oneself as a separate being

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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