psych 239 midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

what is pressured speech

Answer 1

Outpouring of speech in which words seem to surge urgently for expression, as in a manic state. occur in people in manic phase

Answer 2

A characteristic of manic behaviour involving rapid speech and changes of topics.

Answer 3

A. Criteria have been met for at least one manic episode. B. The occurrence of the manic and major depressive episode(s) is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. so a manic episodes is usually equivalent to a bipolar I disorder

Answer 4

A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day. B. During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy and activity, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable), represent a noticeable change from usual behavior, and have been present to a significant degree: 1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. 2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep). 3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking. 4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing. 5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or observed. 6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation. 7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments). C. The episode is associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is uncharacteristic of the individual when not symptomatic. D. The disturbance in mood and the change in functioning are observable by others. E. NOT severe enough to require hospitalization or cause major disruption

Answer 5

A. Criteria have been met for at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode (Criteria A-C under “Major Depressive Episode” above). B. There has never been a manic episode. C. The occurrence of the hypomanic episode(s) and major depressive episode(s) is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. D. The symptoms of depression or the unpredictability caused by frequent alternation between periods of depression and hypomania causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

Answer 6

Mood disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of mild mood swings between depression and mania that are not of sufficient severity to be classified as bipolar disorder. usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and persist for years when they are "up" people with cyclothymic disorder show elevated activity levels which they directed toward accomplishing various professional or personal projects. however, their project may be left unfinished when their mood is reversed. when they enter a mildly depressed mood states they find it difficult to summon the energy or interest to persevere. they feel lethargic and depressed, but not to the extent typical of a major depressive episode

Answer 7

* Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms for at least two years that fail to meet the criteria for hypomanic episodes. * Numerous periods of depressive symptoms that fail to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode. * The person has experienced the periods mentioned above for at least half the time, and the person has not been without symptoms for longer than two months. * The symptoms experienced are not due to another mental health condition. * The symptoms experienced are not caused by a medical condition or substance. * The symptoms experienced impair the person's ability to socialize, work, or function in other areas of his or her life

Answer 8

research indicates that there is a robust and causal association between stressful life event and major depressive episodes. Even childhood experiences can later emerge as risk factors Symptoms of depression may lead to interpersonal conflict and job loss = more stress people are more likely to become depressed when they hold themselves responsible for an undesirable event genetic predisposition can make someone more vulnerable to stress Strong social support and a healthy coping style can be protective factors.

Answer 9

Freud believes depression represents anger directed inward rather than against significant others. anger may become directed against the self following either the actual or threatened loss of these important others freud believed mourning or normal bereavement is healthy process by which one eventually comes to psychologically separate oneself from a person who has gone through death, separation, divorce and more. however pathological mourning doesn't promote healthy separation as it fosters lingering depression pathological mourning is likely to occur in people who hold powerful ambivalent feeling which is a combination of positive feelings (love) and negatives ones (anger, hostility) toward the person who has departed when people lose or fear loing an important figure whom they feel ambivalent, their feeling anger towards the other person turn to rage, yet rage trigger guilt which in turns pervse the person from ventin ager directly at the lost person called an object. to preserve a psychological connection to the lost object, people itroject or take inward a mental representation of the object. incorporating the other person into self producing self-hatred which turns into depression chronically depressed patient appear to engage in excessive slef-focusing following loss or failure, but so do other clinical groups

Answer 10

bipolar disorder represents shifting dominance of the individual's personality by the ego and superego. in the depressive phase, the superego is dominant, producing exaggerated notions of wrongdoing and flooding individuals with feelings of guilt and worthlessness. after a time, the egp rebounds and asserts supremacy, producing feelings of elation and self-confidence that come to characterize the manic phase. the excessive display of ego eventually triggers a return of guilt, once again plunging the individual into depression

Answer 11

how people allocate their attentional processes after a loss (death of a loved one, personal failure). according to this model, depression-prone people experience a period of intense self-examination (self-focusing) following a major loss or disappointment

Answer 12

it is suggested that depression may result when a person's behavior receives too little reinforcement from the environment. the lack of reinforcement can reduce motivation and induce feelings of depression it is a vicious cycle may ensures: inactivity and social withdrawal deplete opportunities for reinforcement; lower level of reinforcement exacerbate withdrawal. the low rates of activity typical of depression may also be a source of secondary reinforcement

Answer 13

the interactions between depressed individuals and other people may help explain the former group's shortfall in positive reinforcement. interactional theory propose that the adjustment to living with a depressed person can become so stressful that the partner or family members becomes progressively less reinforcing towards the depressed person interactional theory is based on the concept of reciprocal interaction. people's behavior influences and is influenced by the behavior of others. the theory holds that depression-prove people react to stress by demanding greater social support and reassurance. At first, depressed people have great social support however their demand and behavior begin to elicit anger or annoyance

Answer 14

learned helpfulness is related to Martin Seligman the Attribution style is a person styles of explanation. when disappointment or failure occur, we may explain them in various characteristic ways. which are - internal attribution - stable vs unstable attribution - global vs specific attribution

Answer 15

in the reformulated helplessness theory, a type of attribution involving the belief that the cause of an event involved factors within oneself. contrast with external attribution. in other words, it is blaming oneself it is linked to lower self-esteem

Answer 16

in the reformulated helplessness theory, a type of attribution involving the belief that the cause of an event involves outside the self. contrast with internal attribution in other words, it is blaming circumstance around us

Answer 17

in the reformulated helplessness theory, a type of attribution involving the belief that the cause of an event involved stable rather than changeable factors. contrast with unstable attribution in other words, it is seeing bad experiences as a typical event it helps to explain the persistence or the chronicity of helplessness cognition

Answer 18

in the reformulated helplessness theory, a type of attribution involving the belief that the cause of an event involved changeable rather than stable factors. contrast with stable attribution In other words, it is seeing bad experiences as an isolated event

Answer 19

in the reformulated helplessness theory, a type of attribution involving the belief that the cause of an event involved generalized rather than specific factors. contrast with specific attribution in other words, it is seeing bad experiences as evidence of broader problems it is associated with the generality or pervasiveness of feelings of helplessness following negative events

Answer 20

in the reformulated helplessness theory, a type of attribution involving the belief that the cause of an event involved specific rather than generalized factors. contrast with global attribution in other words, it is seeing bad experiences as evidence of precise and limited short-coming

Answer 21

example of a university student who goes on a disastrous date. afterwards, he shakes his head in wonder and tries to make sense of his experiences. an internal attribution for the calamity would involve self-blame as in " i really messed it up" an external attribution would place the blame elsewhere as in "some couples just don't hit it off" or "she must have been in a bad mood" A stable attribution would suggest a problem that cannot be changed as in "it's my personality" an unstable attribution would suggest a transient condition as in "it was probably the head cold" A global attribution for failure magnifies the extent of the problems as in "i really have no idea what i'm doing when i'm with people A specific attribution in contrast chops the problem down to size as in "my problem i show to make small talk to get a relationship going

Answer 22

according to Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Theory, the development of depression to the adoption early in life of negatively biased or distorted way of thinking which is the cognitive triad of depression. the cognitive triad includes negative beliefs about oneself, the environment or the world and the future people with this type of thinking are at a greater risk of becoming depressed the negative concept of the self and the world as mental templates called cognitive schemes are adopted in childhood on the basis of early learning experiences

Answer 23

1. all or nothing thinking 2. Overgeneralization 3. Mental filter 4. Disqualifying the positive 5. Jumping to conclusions 6. Magnification/Minimization 7. Emotional reasoning 8.“Should” statements 9. Labelling/Mislabelling 10. Personalization

Answer 24

seeing events in black and white as either all good or all bad. for example, one may perceive a relationship that ended in disappointment

Answer 25

we form sweeping conclusions based on one event or isolated experiences. If something bad happens, we then believe that the same thing will happen in similar situations in the future

Answer 26

someone focuses only on the negative aspects of a situation, filtering out the positive ones

Answer 27

a negative pattern of thinking that can contribute to negative self-perception.

Answer 28

making unwarranted assumptions based on limited information. I

Answer 29

Magnification is exaggerating the importance of shortcomings and problems while minimizing the importance of desirable qualities.

Answer 30

a thought pattern in which our emotional reactions, or our feelings, lead us to believe that something is true even when the empirical evidence tells us otherwise.

Answer 31

imposing fixed 'rules' on how the self, others, and the world should operate, coupled with overestimation of how awful it would be if these expectations are not met.

Answer 32

a cognitive distortion in which we generalize by taking one characteristic of a person and applying it to the whole person

Answer 33

a type of thinking in which people assign blame to themselves for external events outside of their control

Answer 34

There are genetic factors. The important stats are that the twin studies suggest that major depression is moderately heritable. however individual depressive symptoms vary widely in their heritability there is also a contribution of biochemical factors & brain abnormalities in depression. according to this, depression may involve either an overabundance or an oversensitive of receptor sites on receiving postsynaptic neurons where neurotransmitter docks. An antidepressant drug may work by gradually reducing the number and sensitivity of these receptors new research has shown that the metabolic activity of the prefrontal cortex is typically lower in clinically depressed group

Answer 35

Diathesis (psychological vulnerability/ biological vulnerability) + potential stress factors (unemployment, divorce, sociocultural factors) --> (potential protective factors: coping resources, social support) depression

Answer 36

* Psychodynamic Approaches: in this approach, traditional psychoanalysis aims to help people who become depressed understand their ambivalent feelings towards important people (object) while modern psychoanalytic approaches focus on unconcious conflict but are more direct and brief ex: Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): Interpersonal therapy: looks at the loss of relationships looking at current relationship resulting in depression which ca alienating them from other. This kind of therapy helps to improve interpersonal functioning * Behavioral Approaches: this approach assumes that depressive behavior is learned. meant to modify behavior and also focus on helping depressed patients to develop more effective social or interpersonal skills and increasing their participation in pleasurable or rewarding activities. ex: “Coping With Depression” (CWD) Course: this course helps clients acquire relaxation skills and increase pleasant activities * Cognitive Approaches: this approach is changing distorted thinking. ex: Cognitive Therapy: help client identity and change dysfunctional thoughts and develop more adaptive behavior * Biological Approaches: * Antidepressant Drugs: classes antidepressant drugs are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): increase levels in the brain of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and serotonin by interfering with the reuptake , monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: increase the availability of neurotransmitter by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase , selective serotonin-reuptakes inhibitors (SSRIs): raise the levels of serotonin i the brain , and serotonin-epinephrine reuptakes inhibitors. * Lithium: one of the most recommdednd treatment for bipolar disorder * Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): aka shock therpay

Answer 37

tricyclic antidepressants and selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs and SNRIs) increase the avaliability of neurotransmitters by preventing their reuptake by the presynaptic neurons. MAO inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that normally breaks down neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

Answer 38

* Hypericum perforatum. Used for centuries to heal wounds. * Early small-scale studies supported benefits of St. John’s Wort with few reported side effects in cases of mild to moderate depression. * Unclear as to whether it is effective in treating severe depression. – Continues to be evaluated

Answer 39

* 24% of deaths in Canada for 15-24 year old. *Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women from adolescence to middle age although adolescent suicides may be more widely publicized, adults, especially middle-aged and elderly men tend to have high suicide rates

Answer 40

suicide is associated with major depression or bipolar disorder, other psychological disorder, and stress

Answer 41

the psychodynamic model views depression as the turning inward of anger against the internal representation of a lost love object. this model believe suicidal people do not seek to destroy themselves but to vent their rage against the internalized representation of the love object the learning theorist point to the reinforcing effect of prior suicide threat and attempts and to the effects of stress especially when combined with inability to solve personal problems social cognitive theorists suggest that suicide may be motivated by positive experiences and by approving attitudes towards the legitimacy of suicide biological factors appear to be involved in suicide as evidence shows reduced serotonin activity in people who die or attempts to die by suicide genetic factors influence the risks of suicidal behavior

Answer 42

1.Draw the person out. 2.Be sympathetic. 3.Suggest that means other than suicide can be discovered to work out their problems 4.Inquire as to how the person expects to commit suicide. 5.Propose that the person accompany you to see a professional right now. 6.Don’t degrade the individual (“You’re talking crazy…”)

Answer 43

Disorders usually evident in childhood, often before grade school, that affect the development of the nervous system.

Answer 44

Problems with behavioral and emotional regulatio

Answer 45

Disorders involving disruptions in previously normal cognitive abilities.

Answer 46

Because they affect children at a time when they have relatively little ability to cope.

Answer 47

In light of developmental issues, as well as factors such as ethnicity and gender.

Answer 48

Intellectual Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorders, ADHD, Specific Learning Disorder, Motor Disorders, Communication Disorders.

Answer 49

A: CMV (Cytomegalovirus) infection, inadequate diet, maternal drinking (FASD), smoking, certain medications, and heavy metals, Cultural-familial intellectual impairment

Answer 50

Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound

Answer 51

Level of adaptive functioning, not IQ alone.

Answer 52

A condition where a person with a neurodevelopmental disorder can perform exceptionally in a specific domain such as mathematics. Savant Syndrome occurs in 0.06% of those with intellectual disability and is closely linked to autism spectrum disorder. It occurs about six times more often in males than females

Answer 53

Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Autism Spectrum disorder becomes apparent in the first few years of life and is often associated with intellectual disability.

Answer 54

The Theory of Mind, which involves the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others.

Answer 55

A. Six or more symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity present for at least 6 months to a degree that is inappropriate for developmental level. – Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities. – Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities. – Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. – Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions). – Often has trouble organizing activities. – Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework). – Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools). – Is often easily distracted. – Is often forgetful in daily activities B. Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivityimpulsivity have been present for at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level: – Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat when sitting still is expected. – Often gets up from seat when remaining in seat is expected. – Often excessively runs about or climbs when and where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may feel very restless). – Often has trouble playing or doing leisure activities quietly. – Is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor". – Often talks excessively. – Impulsivity – Often blurts out answers before questions have been finished. – Often has trouble waiting one's turn. – Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).

Answer 56

Stimulants, behavior therapy, and EEG biofeedback.

Answer 57

Noted deficiencies in specific learning abilities, such as dyslexia (reading), mathematics, and written expression.

Answer 58

A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months.

Answer 59

impulsive or anger-based aggressive outbursts that begin rapidly and have very little build-up, occurring twice per week for three months.

Answer 60

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or societal norms are violated.

Answer 61

Disorders characterized by significant cognitive decline (Major) or moderate cognitive decline (Mild), affecting independence in daily activities.

Answer 62

A rapid onset disturbance in attention and awareness that is often attributable to a medical condition such as bladder infection * May produce dementia-like impairment such as Disturbances in orientation, memory, concentration, perception. Reduced/clouded consciousness. Will generally clear within a few days of underlying physical illness resolving – Therefore always check white cell count and assess for other symptoms & signs of infection – Anywhere from 10 to 50% of seniors admitted to hospital for surgery will have, or develop, delirium Onset tends to be rapid (i.e., hours to days) * AD and vascular dementias much more gradual

Answer 63

A form of cognitive impairment involving generalized progressive deficits in memory, learning, communication, judgment, and motor coordination. in normal individual, cognitive ability decreasing with normal aging. however with dementia it is more rapid

Answer 64

A fatal neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for the majority of dementia cases, diagnosed posthumously by plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cortical atrophy.

Answer 65

* Down Syndrome * Fragile X Syndrome * Phenylketonuria (PKU) * Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome * Tay-Sachs disease

Answer 66

Ancient Greece: Left to die, or thrown from a cliff Terminating pregnancies where testing of fetal cells has shown evidence of Down’s syndrome?– Lower surgical and medical priority for severely disabled individuals

Answer 67

Hypothesized inability to process more than one sensory datum at a time. Leads to conditioning deficits

Answer 68

* Intensive behavioural intervention – Lovass (1987) 40 hours/wk x 2 years = normal IQ scores for just under half of 19 subjects. * Social simulation (eg., FaceSay)

Answer 69

if both criteria A and B are met for the past 6 months

Answer 70

if criterion A is met but criterion IB is not met for the past six months

Answer 71

if Criterion B is met but Criterion A is not met for the past six months.

Answer 72

- mood disorder - substance abuse disorder - impulse control/ personality disorder - anxiety disorder - sleep disorder - learning disabilities

Answer 73

– Genetic and environmental – Prenatal risk factors: Drinking, smoking, antidepressants, antihypertensive drugs, poor nutrition, heavy metals (lead, mercury)

Answer 74

A type of learning disorder characterized by impaired reading ability and may involve difficulty with the alphabet or spelling * Problems differentiating similar-looking letters (e, c, o OR p, d, q) * Words may appear reversed or blurred. * Problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). * Affects areas of the brain that process language

Answer 75

Dyslexia: Individuals with dyslexia typically exhibit a phonological deficit. This is a key characteristic of dyslexia, which affects the ability to decode and manipulate sounds within words. Dyslexia may also involve a speed/naming deficit, which affects the rate at which individuals can process and name letters, numbers, or colors. Dyslexia does not primarily involve a comprehension deficit. While individuals with dyslexia may struggle with reading comprehension as a secondary issue, it is not the core deficit of dyslexia. Other Reading Disorders (Not Dyslexia): These individuals may exhibit a comprehension deficit, which affects the ability to understand and interpret the meaning of text. This is distinct from the phonological and speed/naming issues characteristic of dyslexia. They might also show a speed/naming deficit, similar to dyslexia, but without the phonological deficit, their condition is not classified as dyslexia. They do not typically show a phonological deficit as a primary characteristic. The diagram illustrates that while dyslexia is strongly associated with phonological deficits and can include speed/naming deficits, it is distinct from other reading disorders that are primarily characterized by comprehension deficits. This separation helps in the proper diagnosis and intervention for individuals with different types of reading difficulties.

Answer 76

* Impairment in mathematics * Impairment of written expression * Impairment in reading

Answer 77

from a neurobiological perspective, specific learning disorders are seen as resulting from atypical brain development and function, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This perspective helps in developing targeted interventions, such as specialized teaching strategies and therapies that address the underlying neural difference

Answer 78

genetic factors significantly contribute to the development of specific learning disorders. Multiple genes, each with small effects, interact to influence brain development and function related to learning abilities. Understanding these genetic influences helps in identifying individuals at risk and developing targeted interventions to support their learning needs. Genetics & Dyslexia: People whose parents have dyslexia are at greater risk themselves. Higher rates of dyslexia are found between identical (MZ) than fraternal (DZ) twins: 70% versus 40%. Genes may play a role in causing defects in the brain circuitry involved in reading.

Answer 79

* Individual Education Plan * Specific skill instruction * Accommodations * Compensatory strategies * Self-advocacy skills

Answer 80

– ODD – Intermittent Explosive Disorder – Conduct Disorder (Antisocial Personality Disorder) – Pyromania – Kleptomania

Answer 81

Ineffective parenting: Inadvertent reinforcement of difficult, demanding behavior

Answer 82

* Ecological theory: examines and intervenes in the various environmental systems affecting an individual’s behavior. When applied to the treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), ecological therapy considers the complex interplay between the child and their multiple environments, such as family, school, peer group, and communit * Multisystemic Therapy (MST): Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is an intensive, family- and community-based treatment program designed to address severe behavioral issues, including Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), in children and adolescents. MST focuses on addressing the various systems that influence a young person's behavior, such as their family, peers, school, and community * PMT (Russel Barkley, Alan Kazdin): Parent Management Training (PMT) is a well-established and evidence-based intervention used in the treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). PMT focuses on teaching parents effective strategies to manage their child's challenging behaviors.

Answer 83

A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months as evidenced by at least four symptoms from any of the following categories, and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling. Angry/Irritable Mood * Often loses temper. * Is often touchy or easily annoyed. * Is often angry and resentful. Argumentative/Defiant Behavior * Often argues with authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults. * Often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules. * Often deliberately annoys others. * Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior. Vindictiveness * Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past 6 months

Answer 84

* Impulsive or anger-based aggressive outbursts that begin rapidly and have very little build-up. * Outbursts often last fewer than 30 minutes and are provoked by minor actions of someone close, often a family member or friend. * Aggressive episodes are generally impulsive and/or based in anger rather than premeditated. * They typically occur with significant distress or psychosocial functional impairment. * The person is at least 6 years of age (or developmentally similar). * Verbal aggression like temper tantrums, tirades, arguments or fights; or physical aggression toward people, animals, or property. * This aggression must occur, on average, twice per week for three months. * The physical aggression does not damage or destroy property, nor does it physically injure people or animals.or * Within 12 months, three behavioral outbursts resulting in:* Damage or destruction of property, and/or * Physical assault that physically injures people or animals

Answer 85

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months: * Aggression to people and animals – (1) often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others – (2) often initiates physical fights – (3) has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., a bat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun) – (4) has been physically cruel to people – (5) has been physically cruel to animals – (6) has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery) – (7) has forced someone into sexual activity * Destruction of property – (8) has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage – (9) has deliberately destroyed others' property (other than by fire setting) * Deceitfulness or theft – (10) has broken into someone else's house, building, or car – (11) often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., "cons" others) – (12) has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering; forgery) * Serious violations of rules – (13) often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years – (14) has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home (or once without returning for a lengthy period) – (15) is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 years– Differentials include ODD and Antisocial Personality Disorder * Most effective treatments are delivered in a structured setting and include: – Continued education – Anger management – Victim empathy training – Relapse prevention – Substance abuse desistence – Family therapy * Individual psychotherapy of little use. * Meds of limited value but some possible success with mood stabilizers & neuleptics, but not for frankly antisocial kids

Answer 86

* Major – Significant cognitive decline – Interference with independence in daily activities* Mild – Moderate cognitive decline – Still capable of functioning with independence * Several type specifiers – Alzheimer’s disease – Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (eg., Pick’s) – Lewy body disease – Vascular disease – TBI – Substance/medication use – Prion disease (PRoteinacious INfectious particle) (Jacob-Creutzfeldt)

Answer 87

similar to sponge with many tiny holes causing it to be called spongeiform. Prion diseases occur when proteins normally in the body misfold and cause illness. The misfolding leads to brain damage and other symptoms.

Answer 88

Best addressed by controlling cardiovascular risk factors (BP, Diabetes, Smoking, Cholesterol). Vascular dementia is a general term describing problems with reasoning, planning, judgment, memory and other thought processes caused by brain damage from impaired blood flow to your brain. Tends to show up with diagnostic imaging (structure, not function)

Answer 89

normal cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Answer 90

it has cortical shrinkage, moderately enlarged ventricles, shrinking hippocampus

psych 239 midterm 2 Flashcards

(115 cards)