PSYCH 282 Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
what is behavior modification
A
it is analyzing and modification of behavior. Whether it is a increase or decrease of a particular behavior
2
Q
what is behavior according to a behaviourist and cognitivist
A
to a behaviorist: behavior is overt, it is observable action
to a cognitive: behavior is internal action , it is hidden (overt or covert) action
3
Q
what is behavior
A
- observable
- measurable dimension
- it is lawful
- action
- impact the environment
- overt or covert
4
Q
what is behavioural excess
A
UNDESIRABLE behavior you want to change
5
Q
what is behavioural deficit
A
DESIRABLE behavior you want to increase
6
Q
who is skinner
A
he is a key figure in behaviourism and behavior modification
7
Q
what is applied behavior analysis
A
It is finding the source of a behavior to improve the behavior
8
Q
what are characteristics of behavior modification
A
- focus on behavior
- emphasis on real life events
- no real focus on the past
- procedures based on principles of behaviorism
- clear and detailed description of producers
- measure behavior change
- rejection of hypothetical underlying cause of behavior
9
Q
what are some misconceptions about behavior modification
A
- simplistics
-lead people to control each other - relies on punishment
- uses bridies
- ignore the real cause of behavior, rather just treat the symptoms
- only works with kids and people with disabilities
- ruins intrinsic motivation
- make people depend on external incentives
- dehumanizes
10
Q
who is Ivan Pavlov
A
- uncovered classical conditioning
- demonstrate a reflex to a neural stimulus
11
Q
Who is Edward Thorndike
A
- puzzle box experiment (animal was rewarded after completing difficult tasks)
- after a satisfying event, the stimulus-response is strengthened
- after a unsatisfying event, the stimulus-response is weakened
12
Q
Who is John Watson
A
- studied observable behavior
- stimulus-response psychology (environment elicit response)
13
Q
Who is B F Skinner
A
- established operant experiment
- leading to the foundation of behavior modification
14
Q
in the case of stimulus-response psychology, what is the thought to strengthen the S-R relationship
A
The consequences of making the responses upon encountering the stimulus
15
Q
what is the baseline measurement of the target behavior
A
- determine if the treatment is necessary
- choose the best treatment
- determine if the treatment is successful
16
Q
what is indirect assessment
A
- monitors behavior remotely
- studies the behavior using interview, questionnaires, rating scale
- rely on recall of the individual and testimony of others
- The testimony and the recall can be biased, unreliable, inaccurate, incomplete
17
Q
what is direct assessment
A
- monitors the behavior as it happens
- this can be done using camera, recording, or observator watches them
- has self-monitoring: the participants are trained to monitor themselves
- the benefit of self-monitoring would be the flexibility if the independent observer is not available, if the target behavior is infrequent, if the target behavior doesn’t happen around other
18
Q
the steps of recording behavior: direct assessment
A
- define a target behavior
- identity who,when and where to record
- choose a recording method (what to record)
- choose a recording instrument
- choose a reactivity of recording
- interobserver agreement assessment
19
Q
what is the natural setting in recording behavior
A
It is the place where the target behavior (naturally) occurs. it is the most representative sample of target behavior
20
Q
what is the analogous setting
A
it is an unfamiliar place, where the target behavior does not (naturally) occur. It is a controlled environment so it is easier to manipulate the variables that influence behavior
21
Q
what is the interobserver agreement
A
checks if the behavior being recorded consistently
how is the interobserver agreement evaluated?
2 observer observes and record the target behavior, so we compare the recording of the behavior and check the percentages
22
Q
what is the research method
A
- measure the dependent variable (the target behavior)
- manipulate the independent variable
- replicate
23
Q
what is A-B design
A
- one baseline and one treatment phase
- it is not favourable because it does not demonstrate a functional relationship
- application: clinical setting, self management project
- it is not a true research design, so there is no replication
24
Q
what is A-B-A-B reversal design
A
- how it works: remove treatment, return to baseline, then add treatment again
- it is favourable because it demonstrate a functional relationship
25
what is multiple baseline design
So there are different types of multiple baseline subject
Multiple Baseline subject
- with 2+ subjects with the same target behavior
- treatment occurs at different times across subject
Multiple baseline behavior
-2+ behavior of the same subjects
- treatment is staggered across the behavior
Multiple baseline settings
- 2+ settings with the same subject and target behavior
- treatment is staggered over time
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what is the alternating-treatment design
baseline/treatment implemented on alternating days or session for the same amount of time
27
what is the changing criterion design
- it is baseline and treatment phase
- however it is different from A-B design because the performance criteria is different in the treatment phase
- a functional relation is demonstrated when behavior matches performance criteria
28
what is reinforcement
the process of a behavior being strengthened after the immediate consequence following its occurrences
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how to know if a behavior is strengthened
- increase in frequency
- increase in duration
-decrease in latency
- increase in intensity
-increase in speed
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what is operant behavior
it is behavior strengthened through the process of reinforcement. it acts on the environment to produce a consequence, if the consequence strengthens the operant behavior then it is a REINFORCER
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what is operant learning
it is the change of behavior as the consequence follows it
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what are the effect of reinforcement
increase behavior: REINFORCE
decrease behavior: PUNISH
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what is positive reinforcement
it is increasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding a stimulus
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what is negative reinforcement
it is the increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing a stimulus. it doesn't equal to punishment
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what is escape behavior
when the operant behavior is increased by REMOVING an ongoing event or stimulus
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what is avoidance behavior
when the operant behavior is increased by PREVENTING an ongoing event or stimulus
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what is reinforcement not
- reinforcement is not circular
- reinforcement is not a theory
- reinforcement is not functional description
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what is an unconditional (primary) reinforcer
This is a type of reinforcer
- a reinforcer that has been naturally learned over lifetimes
- ex: food, water, escape from harmful stimuli
- depends on the deprivation of some kind . ex: food is only a reinforcer if i am really hungry
- often species specific
- the effectiveness of this reinforcer tends to go quicker
40
what are the variable affecting reinforcement
1. immediacy: the quicker the reinforcer is given after a behavior, the more effective it is
2. specific reinforcer used
3. task characteristic
4. contingency: the reinforcer is more effective if it is given in response to a behavior
5. contiguity: the temporal or spatial proximity of reinforcer and a behavior
41
what are motivating operation
- establishing operation makes a stimulus more effective as a reinforcer at a particular time ex: deprivation
- abolishing operation makes a stimulus less effective as a reinforcer at a particular time ex: Satiation
42
what is the correlation between the intensity of a stimulus and the effectiveness of the reinforcer
The more intense a stimulus the more effective the reinforcer
43
what is the premack principle
it is the nature of different behavior having different probabilities of occurring
the principle states a LOW probability can reinforce a high probability behavior ex: having children eating dinner (a low probability) to have dessert as their reward later (high probability)
but a HIGH probability behavior does not reinforces a low probability behavior
44
what can shift the low and high probability principles
Yes, it is possible to shift the low and high probability principles when you restrict one of the probabilities. In this manner, a high probability response can reinforcer a low probability
45
what is the problems with the premack principles
- it doesn't account for the conditional reinforcement effects
- can shift the probability act on the other
46
what is schedule of reinforcement
-it is the delivery of the reinforcement
the schedule can produce different unique schedule effect
-however overtime the effects are predictable
- this occurs in numerous species
47
what is the sheducle effect
it is the particular pattern and rate of behavior over time
48
what is continuous reinforcement schedule
This is a type of schedule of reinforcement
so the behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. The rates of the behavior increase making this useful when shaping a new behavior
however it is rare in the natural environment
49
what in intermittent reinforcement schedule
this is a type of schedule reinforcement
the four main types are:
- fixed-ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
-variable interval
50
what is the fixed ratio schedule
- behavior is reinforced after a FIXED number of time
- PRP increases when ratio size and reinforces magnitude increase
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what is variable ratio
- behavior is reinforced after unpredictable numbers of response
- PRP are short and rare
- have a higher rate than FR and have a steady run rates
- common in natural environments
- there are two types which are random ratio and progressive ratio
52
what are random ratio
- controlled by a random number generator
- used in video games and casino games
- have high rates of responding
53
what are progressive ratio
- goes from a small to large ratio
- PRP increases with ratio sizes
- create a breakpoint measure of how hard an organism will work
54
what are fixed interval
- behavior is reinforced after a given period of time
- produces PRP
- gives a scallop shape
- uncommon in natural environments
55
what are variable interval
- behavior is reinforced after an interval of times has passed
- PRP are short and rare
- steady rates of responding however not as high as variable ratio
- common in natural environment
56
what is extinction
is the procedures of withholding reinforcers that maintain a behavior
so a behavior that used to happen doesn't happen anymore
57
what is the process of extinction
1. a behavior that has been previously reinforced
2. is no longer being followed by the reinforcing consequence
3. resulting in the behavior being weakened
58
what is extinction burst
it is the increase in duration, intensity and frequency of a reinforced behavior during the extinction process
Ex: if the reinforced behavior = buying food from the vending machine, then if the vending machine doesn't bring the food then u will start hitting, shaking the machine which is a unreinforced behavior
59
what is operant variability
there is greater likelihood of restating reinforcement or contacting other sources of reinforcement
EX: if the vending hasn't been working, you might stop for a little while then continue again if the machine starts working again
Also if the reasoning behind the vending machine doesn't work, you will try other behavior
There is emotional responses such as aggression and frustration
60
what is spontaneous recovery
the tendency for extinguished behavior to occur again is the same as or similar to those where it had been previously reinforced
In relation to the vending machine, it is the habit of repeating using the machine despite it being broke
Repeated sessions of extinction are needed to prevent spontaneous recovery
61
what is partial reinforcement effect (PRE)
schedules that reinforce more intermittently take longer to extinguish than schedule that reinforce less intermittently. it is resistant to extinction because they are persistent in their responding for longer since it takes them longer to realize that extinction has started
62
what is functionally-equivalent behaviors
carrying out different actions similarly , resulting in the same kind of reinforcer
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