sociology final exam Flashcards
what is prejudice
an attitude that judges a person according to his or her group’s real or imagined characteristics
it is thought, but no action is made toward those thought
what is discrimination
it is the unfair treatment of people because of their group membership
it is action/practice
what is race
it is a social construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more people’s physical markers. it is usually profound effects in their lives
ex: skin color
race matters because it allows social inequality to be created and perpetuated
race can be used to make a person or a group scapegoat. in this context, scapegoat is disadvantaged people that other people blame for their own problem
what is ethnic group
composed of people whose perceived cultural markers are deemed socially significant
ex: language, history, religion and customs
Unlike race, this is a cultural marker not physical marker
what is the vicious circle of racism
- people use physical markers to distinguish. It increases social inequality based on race by means of colonialism, slavery
- different social condition between the upper people and lower people create behavioral difference between them ex: energetic veurse lazy workers For example, North American slaves and Jewish concentration camp inmates, with little motivating them to work hard except the ultimate threat of the master’s whip, tended to do only the minimum work necessary to survive. Their masters noticed this tendency and characterized their subordinates as inherently slow and unreliable workers. In this way, racial stereotypes are born.
- People’s perceptions of behavioural differences creates racial stereotype. then the stereotypes become embedded in the culture
- then the cycle continues
defining race and ethnicity ethnic and racial stratification in canada
- In the middle of the twentieth century, Canada was a society sharply stratified along ethnic and racial lines. The people with the most power and privilege were of British origin.
- WASPs (white Anglo-Saxon Protestants) in particular controlled almost all the big corporations in the country and dominated politics. Immigrants who arrived later enjoyed less power and privilege.
- Even among them, big economic differences were evident, with European immigrants enjoying higher status than immigrants of Asian ancestry, for example.
- John Porter, one of the founders of modern Canadian sociology, called mid-twentieth century Canada an ethnically and racially stratified “vertical mosaic.”
-Porter thought the retention of ethnic and racial culture was a big problem in Canada because it hampered the upward mobility of immigrants; in his view, the “Canadian value system” encouraged the retention of ethnic culture, making Canada a low-mobility society.
what is the order of race/ethnic triangle
on the bottom is African Americans
next will be Asians, Lations, Native American
next on the list will be most new immigrant
next will be an old immigrant but not irish immigrant
next will be poor white WASPS (white Anglo-Saxon Protestants)
the second on top of the list will be middle class WASPS
on the top is wealthy WASPS)
in defining race and ethnicity ethic and racial stratification in canada what happened by 1970s
by the 1970s
- Many members of ethnic and racial minority groups were economically successful.
- Economic differences among ethnic groups and, to a lesser degree, among racial groups, diminished.
- Ethnic and racial diversity increased among the wealthy, politicians at all levels of government, and professional groups.
- Many Canadian sociologists, including Porter himself, needed to qualify their view that ethnic and racial culture determine economic success or failure.
-The Canadian economy grew quickly in the decades after World War II.
in ethnic and racial stratification in canada what happened in the beginning of the 1990s
Recent immigrants who were members of visible minority groups were less successful economically than one would expect, given their educational and other resources.
- Canada experienced an unusually high rate of unemployment in the 1990s, hovering near 10 percent until late in the decade.
- In addition, although such immigrants were selected to come to Canada because they were highly educated, their credentials were often not recognized by Canadian employers.
- The accreditation mechanisms for foreign credentials are poorly developed in this country and need to be improved.
- In addition to the resources a person possesses, the structure of opportunities for economic advancement determines income and occupational and educational attainment.
- Ethnic or racial culture by itself plays at most a minor role.
what is canada’s multiculturalism
the canada multiculturalism policy emphasizes tolerance of ethnic and racial differences
the multicultural policy in canada currently focuses less on cultural pluralism than on incorporating immigrants into the larger society. In other words Canada’s multicultural policy is more about helping immigrants become part of the bigger society than it is about embracing and supporting diverse cultures equally.
the purpose of the policy is to enable members of cultural minorities to continue identifying with their heritage while eliminating barriers to their full participation in Canadian society—for instance, by preventing discrimination and encouraging public education, voting, and other forms of civic integration
what is inequality and social structure
racial and ethnic inequality is more deeply rooted in social structure in biology and culture. the biological and cultural aspect of race and ethnicity are secondary to their sociological character when it comes to explaining inequality
what is label and identity
experiencing a shift in racial or ethnic identity common
Social contexts, and in particular the nature
of the relations with members of other racial and ethnic groups, shape and continuously reshape a person’s racial and ethnic identity.
does changing your social context, and racial and ethnic self-conception
Example: Around 1900, Italian immigrants thought of themselves as people who came from a particular town or perhaps a particular province, such as Sicily or Calabria.
They did not usually think of themselves as Italians. Italy had become a unified country only in 1861, and 40 years later, many Italian citizens still did not identify with their new Italian nationality.
In both Canada and the United States, however, government officials and other residents identified the newcomers as Italians.
The designation at first seemed odd to many of the new immigrants.
Over time, however, it stuck. Immigrants from Italy started thinking of themselves as Italian Canadians because others defined them that way
what is a symbolic interactionist view in relations to race and ethnic
symbolic interactionist suggest that the development of racial and ethnic label as well as ethnic and racial identities is typically a process of negotiation
Members of a group may have a racial or an ethnic identity, but outsiders may impose a new label on them.
Group members then reject, accept, or modify the label
Negotiation between outsiders and insiders eventually results in the crystallization of a new, more or less stable, ethnic identity.
If the social context changes again, the negotiation process begins anew.
what is imposition verse choice
The social construction of race and ethnicity does not mean that everyone can always choose their racial or ethnic identity freely.
There are wide variations in degree over time and from one society to the next to which people can exercise such freedom of choice.
As well, in a given society at a given time, different categories of people are more or less free to choose
Those with most freedom to choose are white European Canadians, whose ancestors arrived in Canada more than two generations ago. (Ex Irish and Italians
what is symbolic ethnicity
it is a nostalgic allegiance, love for and pride to the culture of the immigrant generation or that of the old county that is not usually incorporated in everyday behavior
ex:any Irish-American people celebrate their ancestry on St. Patrick’s Day every year while ignoring their Irish ancestry for the rest of the year.
what is racism
the belief that a visible characteristic of a group, such as skin colour, indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination.
what is institutional racism
Occurs when organizational policies and practices systematically discriminate against people of some racial group or groups.
what is internal colonialism
involves one race or ethnic group under domination/control another in the same country
this is often paired with segregation
Prevents assimilation by segregating the colonized in terms of jobs, housing, and social contacts (ranging from friendship to marriage)
intenral colonlism can be used to describe the treatment of indigeous people by euperoean immugrant
what is expulsion
the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population
expulsion can be used to describe the treatment of indigenous people by the european immigrant
what is genocide
the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as a “race” or a “people”
what is conflict theories of race and ethnicity black canadians
slavery: the ownership and control of people
Canada initially served as the terminus of the “underground railway.”
After the American Civil War, Canada reversed its policy of encouraging black settlement.
Government policy required the rejection of most immigration applications by black people.
what happened to canadian population by visible minority orup 2006 and 2031
- canadian immigrant policy was liberalized in the 1960s
- racial and ethnic restrictions were removed
- immigrants were now admitted on the basis of their potential economic contribution to canada, their close family ties with canadians or their refugees status
- as a result canada became a more racially and ethnically diverse society
- people from india, chain and philippines were the majority new immigrant
what is the theory of the split labour market
This term was proposed by Edna Bonacich.
It focuses on the social-structural barrier to assimilation
where low-wage workers of one race and high-wage workers of another race compete for the same job. The high-wage workers are likely to resent the presence of low wages competitor, so conflict is bound to happen. So racial attitudes develop or are reinforced
what is the conflict theories of race and ethnicity
The group that have the most trouble assimilating into the british values and institution that dominate canadian society are those that were subjected to expulsion from their native lands, conquest, slavery and split labour market
These circumstance left a legacy of racism that created social
what are the advantages of ethnicity
factors that enhance the values of ethnic group membership and help explain the continued participation in the life of their ethnic communities for white european communities who have lived in the country for many generations
1. economic advantages
2. political usefulness
3. ability to provide emotional
what is the economic advantages
community solidarity is an important resource for “ethnic entrepreneurs”. theses entrepreneurs draws on their community for customers, suppliers, employee and credit and may be linked economically to the homeland as importer and exporters
what is political usefulness
ethnicity can be useful for increased access to resources.
ex: the urkarian community have be trying to get support from the government, this is possible because there is a big population so the government want them on their sides so they can possibly win a election
what is the emotional support advantages
getting support from the community after high level of prejudice and discrimination. some ethnic groups provide security and provide a sense of rootedness
what is the six degree of separation: types of ethnic and racial group relations
This goes from intolerance and tolerance
1. genocide: the international extermination of a population defined as a “race” or a “people”. very intolerance since u hate the people so much you want to kill
- expulsion: the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another. you don’t want to kill them you just want to get rid of them so you don’t have to deal with all intolerable you are of them
- slavery: ownership by one population by another. you tolerance them than genocide, you control them
- segeneration: the spatial and institutional separation of races or ethnic groups. separate but equal. it is more tolerable than segregation because they have the right but you don’t want to associate with them
- pluralism: the retention of distinct racial and ethnic cultures combined with equal access to basic social resources. everyone can keep their ethnic culture
- assimilation: the process by which a minority group blends into the majority population and eventually disappears as a distinct people in the larger society. most tolerable because everyone is blended, everyone has the same values, adheres to the same norms so everyone is the same so there is nothing to be tolerable of
what is critical race theory
holds that racism is often the outcomes of common practice that are embedded in canada’s political, legal and other institutions but that many people, especially those in dominant position are not aware. Systematic race as there is something wrong with the system creating boundaries in a system
what is critical race theory in education
- the education system promotes students based on merit. however critical race theory will merit is basically under whiteness . though merit is a good idea it serves the white community rather than disadvantages BIPOC
- disadvantaged racial students cannot compete with other students on an equal footing
- the principle of merit sounds good however in practice it establishes a subtle form of racism and inhibits serious reforms
- critical race theorists propose new programs to improve the preparation of students from disadvantaged racial background
- efforts to address ongoing minority inequalities must begin by listening to what minority group member have t say about their experiences of injustice and inequality
- this approach can begin to uncover the may way in which apparently neural policies framed in terms of merit, colour, blindness, equity, opportunity and the like actually reproduce privilege
what is nuclear family based on
the nuclear family is based on marriage
what is marriage
it is a socially approved, presumably long-term sexual and economic union between a man and a woman
it involves reciprocal rights and obligations between the spouse and between parents and children. in other words, spouses have a responsibility to each other and parents have a responsibility to their children
what is polygamy/polyandry
this expanding the nuclear family horizontally by adding one or more spouses to the household
polygamy is most common as it is one man with multiples wife
polyandry is more rare as it is one woman with multiples husbands
what is extended family
it is expanding the nuclear family vertically by adding another generation. one or more of the spouses parents to the household
what does the twentieth century is characterized in families
- decrease in marriage rate: the numbers of marriage that occurs in a year for every 1000 people in a population
- show slow rise in divorce rate: the numbers of divorces that occurs in a year for every 1000 people in a population
- decline in total fertility rate: the average numbers of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she had the same numbers of children as women in each age cohort in a given year
what is conflict theorists argument against functionalism
the conflict theorists argues that functionalists generally ignore the degree to which the traditional nuclear family is based on gender inequality and change in power relations between women and men alter family structures
what is functionalist perspective to family
functionalists have a good perceptive family because they believe family is at the core of society
what is the conflict and feminist theories to family
Friedrich Engels argued that the traditional nuclear family comes from the emergence of wealth inequalities that came with the industrial revolution. controlling women sexually and economically ensured that a man property would be transmitted only to his offspring
They have a disdain for the nuclear family
the proposed solution to this would be eliminating private property
but
- gender inequality exists in non-capitalist society ex: rome
- patriarchy is deeply rooted in the economic, military and cultural history of humankind
for feminist only “genuine gender revolution”, aka revolution of human nature can alter this states of affairs
what is the gender division of labor
the two main factors reduce the difference between men and women in domestic chores
1. the smaller the gap between the husband’s and the wife’ s earning, the more equal the division of household labor
2. attitude: The more people agree that household chores should be divided equally, the more equal the division of labor becomes. in other words, The more agreement that there should be equality in the household division of labour, the more equality there is
what is mate selection
in most societies throughout human history, love had little to do with marriage. Historical marriages were arranged by third parties who wished to maximize their family’s prestige, economic benefits and political advantages.
choosiness a marriage partner based on love gained currency with the rise of liberalism and individualism
what are the social forces that largely determine who people fall in love with and marry
- potential spouses being resources to the “marriage market”
- others often intervene to prevent marriage between people from different groups
- demographic variables
what is the difference between marriage and cohabitation
marriage:
- sexual relations and common residence
- contract accomplished through ritual and legal authority. they have social script
- clearly defined roles and expectation
- more enforceable (penalties for ending a marriage)
cohabitation:
- sexual relations and common residence
- typically starts without fanfare
- cohabiting couples must create their own script
- rights to property upon dissolution are less clearly specified
what is cohabitation
The rate of cohabitation has more than quintupled from 5.6 percent in 1981 to 27.1 percent of all people living together as a couple in 2016.
Rates of cohabitation are not uniform across Canada: rates of cohabitation are much higher in Québec.
Today, most Canadians aged 20–29 experience cohabitation as their first union.
The average length of cohabiting relationship in Canada is a little over three years.
Some use cohabitation as an intermediate step on the path to marriage.
Other couples view cohabitation as an alternative to living alone.
Some view cohabitation as an alternative to marriage.
what is friend with benefit
Involves occasional sexual relations with a friend, without commitment or romantic feelings for one another.
what is hookup
Spontaneous, one-time sexual encounters between strangers or acquaintances.
what is living apart together
A living arrangement in which each person maintains his or her own separate residence, but both people consider themselves to be in a committed intimate relationship.
what is same-sex marriage and civil unions
Worldwide, and often amid sharp controversy, the legal and social definition of “family” is being broadened to include same-sex partners in long-term relationships.
The 2016 census recorded 72 880 same-sex couple households, which accounts for less than 1 percent of all couple households in Canada.
what is the ground of divorce prior to 1968
the only ground for divorce was adultery
cruelty was also ground for divorce was allowed in Nova Scotia
what expanded the ground of divorce
the divorce act of of 1968 expanded the ground of divorce to adultery, cruelty, after 3 years
