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YEAR 2 > Sociology 101 > Flashcards

Sociology 101 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sociology

A

Sociology is the study of society. It can be described as the study of social lives in a micro and macro level

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2
Q

what can sociology do

A

1.be a liberating practical activity
2. teach who you are and what you can become
3. help create the best possible future

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3
Q

what is the main goal of sociology

A

to identity and explain personal problem in relation to the social structure

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4
Q

what are the three levels of social structure

A
  1. macrostructures : outside the social relation
  2. microstructures: close social relation.Ex: families and friends
  3. global structures outside the national level
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5
Q

What is the sociological imagination

A

the ability to see the connection between personal problems and social structures

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6
Q

what are the origin of sociological imagination

A

The sociological imagination was born with three revolutions that pushed people to think differently
1. Scientific revolution: led to evidence based conclusion thinking
2. Democratic revolution:led to the thinking of people have the ability to think for themselves
3. Industrial revolution: led to the large scale application of science and technology. Host of many social problems as it created disparities between the working and upper class

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7
Q

Who is Auguste Comte

A

Coined the word “sociology” and wanted to use scientific method to better understand the world

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8
Q

What did Herbert Spencer believe

A
  • Theorized societies evolved the same way biological species do
  • father of social darwinism
  • believed social inequality is needed for societies to evolve
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9
Q

what are the tension in sociology

A

There is a tension between the importance of science and the vision of an ideal society. As there is a possibility for ideas to become extreme in an attempt to ideal society

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10
Q

What is the project of sociology

A

The project of sociology is for people to create an identity and life for themselves with no restraint

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11
Q

what are theories

A

Theories are tentative explanations about aspects of life that state how and why certain facts are related

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12
Q

What are the two form of theories

A

The two forms of theories are grand and middle range theories. The grand theory is the broad explanation of social theory, ex: Karl Marx ideas . The middle range theory is the specific explanation of specific phenomenon, ex: theory of suicide

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13
Q

what is research

A

it is the process of systematically observing reality to assess the validity of a theory

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14
Q

what is value

A

Value is the idea of what is good or bad.Helps sociologist formulate their research

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15
Q

What is the sociologist perspective of suicide

A

Suicide is viewed as an individualistic action. It is regard as an anti-social and non-social act

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16
Q

Who is Emile Durkheim

A

The sociologist explanation of suicide. Durkheim deostarted suicide rates were influenced by social forces. Examined the association between psychological disorder and the suicide. It appeared to be inversely. The less suicide rate is related to the degree of social solidarity

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17
Q

What is social solidarity

A

Social solidarity is the close relationship with members of a group that shares the same beliefs and value. The connection builts reduces the rates of suicide

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18
Q

What is the possible explanation for the increase of suicide today

A

It could be the decrease of social connection. As there has been an increase of an individualistic mindset

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19
Q

What is functionalism

A

Functionalism stresses that human behavior is governed by social structure. Social structure can undermine or maintain social structure. If the social structure is dysfunctional it can be re-established

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20
Q

who is Talcott Parsosn

A

contribute to functionalism in north america. He believes various institutions need to work together to maintain a stable society . He believes family is the most important social structure, then school. Also, according to Parson religion is for shared moral and value

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21
Q

who is Robert Merton

A

contributes to functionalism in North America. believes different institution have different consequences for different group of people, which can cause dysfunction

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22
Q

What is manifest function

A

It is an obvious and intended function of an social structure
Ex: going to school to get a degree

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23
Q

What is latent function

A

it is the non obvious and unintended function of an social structure
Ex: the creation of couples from school setting

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24
Q

What is the conflict theory

A
  • Karl Marx
  • Karl Marx believed social structure are driven by the economic
  • focus on large institution
  • believes inequality produces social stability
  • Karl Marx’s solution to imbalance is communism
  • the upper class tries to maintain their privilege, while the lower class tries to increase their privilege
  • suggest the elimination of privilege will lower the level of conflict and increase human welfare
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25
What is the class conflict
It is the struggle between classes to resist and overcome the opposition of other classes. Focused on economic, which is central to Karl Marx's ideas
26
Who is Max Weber
- critiqued Karl Marx's works - disagreed with Marx centralizing the social structure around the economy. He believes there are other contributions to social structures - For examples, he believes politics and religion are contributor to the social structures
27
Who laid the foundation of modern conflict theory
C Wright Mill
28
Why did conflict theory took hold of North America
It is due to the worker distress from low wages, poor work condition, long work hours
29
Why did conflict theory take a cultural turn
Conflict theory took a cultural turn to better understand the element of which culture express domination by the powerful and resistance by others
30
Who is Antoni Gramsci
He is communist intellect. He believes in cultural hegemony and the media plays a role in spread culture hegemony. Culture hegemony is when the upper thinking ideas and thinking are so deeply entrenched it is seem as common sense
31
Who is Micheal Foucault
believes exercise of power is unstable.In every social interaction power is exercised. Believes culture is the ongoing conflict between dominance and non-dominate. Lastly, he believes institutions use technologies and internalized controlling mechanisms to control individuals
32
What is post structuralism
denied the stability of social relation of cultures in shaping individual identities. When others don't fit into a group, we uses language to remove their existence
33
What is symbolic interaction
- emphasize social life since people attach meaning - focus on interpersonal communication on a small level - people create their social circumstance - tolerance of people different from us - focus on people's interpretation of the world
34
what is the Protestant Ethic
It is the belief that religious doubt can be reduced and ticket to heaven can be ensured if people live diligently
35
Who is George Herbert Mead
- contributes to the symbolic interactionism - believes an individual sense of self is developed along the course of interaction with others.
36
Who is Erving Goffman
- contributes to symbolic interactionism - believes people present themselves in the best possible light - we have roles in the play of our life, the roles could be being a student, daughter, friend and more
37
What is social constructionism
- peter berjer - the assumption that in interaction people assume are natural and innately what seems. - This is sustained by social processes
38
Queer Theory
-deines the very existence of stable identities - believes labels do not capture the fluidity and variability of people identities and performance - labels act as forms of control and domination
39
what is feminist theory
- focuses on various aspects of patriarchy - beliefs male domination and female subordination are determined not by biological necessity, but by structures of power and social convention - gender is constructed because of the way boys and girls are treated as children - examines the operation of patriarchy in both the macro level and macro level setting existing patterns of gender inequality can be changed for the benefit if all members of society - has element of conflict theory
40
what is modern feminism
- modern feminism draws attention to the remainder of inequalities between women and men - the main source of gender inequality include the differences in the upbringing of boys and girls leading to barrier to equal opportunity (education, work and politics) ad the unequal division of domestic responsibilities between women and men
41
what are the four theoretical perceptivies of the fashion cycles
1. functionalism: will respond that fashion takes the class system 2. conflict: will respond fashion takes the top at the top while the bottom stays at the bottom 3. symbolic interactionism: will respond fashion helps express our identities 4. feminism: will respond fashion is partichairy. It is meant to appeal to the male gaze
42
what is the post industrial revolution
It is the shift from manufacturing industries to services industries
43
what is freedom in social diversity
we have the freedom to form our own identities and social relationships. Also people are free to communicate globally
44
what are constraints
It is a push to uniformity encouraged through consumerism, new technologies and cultural consumption. Cultural consumption is influenced by american owned corporations leading to the overshadowed of locally products
45
what are 10 common error in unscientific thinking
1. Overgeneralization 2. Selective observation 3. Tradition 4. Authority 5. Casual observation 6. illogical reasoning 7. Premature inquiry 8. Mystification 9. Ego-defense 10. Qualification
46
what is a sample
portion of the population intended to study
47
what is a population
entire groups about which the researchers generalize
48
what is the importance of viewpoint
- our concept and principles can limit your view and reality. As different religious groups will view the world differently - looking at the world from a particular viewpoint can shape your experiences. Our viewpoint matters to our realities
49
can social positive shape our perspective and what we know
yes, we can see it from an insider or outsider viewpoint A insider will have an inmate and unique understanding as a member of the community An outsider will a different perspective from a non-member viewpoint
50
The process of collecting evidence in qualitative research
1. identity a research interest 2. collect the evidence 3. analysis the evidence 4. provide an interpretation
51
what are the ethical consideration
1. voluntary participation 2. harm minimization 3. right to privacy 4. authenticity
52
what is an operalization
The process in which a concept is translated into a variable Ex: to study anxiety we can measure how often an individual picks their fingers
53
what is variable
a measure of concept that has more than one value Ex: how often do you attend church, if it is weekly, monthly or yearly
54
what is a hypothesis
a testable form of proposition
55
what is a experiment
it is a controlled artificial situation to observe the cause and effect
56
what is randomization
involves assigning individuals to groups by chance
57
what is the experimental group
the group exposed to the independent variable
58
what is the control group
the group exposed to the dependent variable
59
what is validity
the degree to which a measure can measure what is intended to measure
60
what is reliability
The degree to which a measurement procedures yield consistent results
61
what is a survey
asking individuals about their knowledge, attitude, or behavior with a face to face, interview, pencil and paper format or online. it can be open or closed ended question
62
What do researchers refer to their sample results if it reflect the population
The results will be described as statistically significant. as the sample size grow, the likelihood of the statistically significantly grows too
63
what is relationship in data
within two variable a vaues of one variable changes witht he values of the other
64
what is strengths in data
the strength of relationship is determined by the degree to which change in the independent variable is associated with change in the dependent variable
65
how can researcher determine if an independent variables causes a change in a dependent variable
researcher determine this relationship using these three criteria which are: 1. relationship test: if the variables are associated 2. sequencing: shows that there is a change in the independent variable before the dependent variable occur 3. non-spuriousness: changes in the control variables cause change in both the independent and dependent variable
66
what is qualitative method used by sociologist
Used to seek a subjective understanding of social phenomena used the inductive approach
67
what is qualitative methods used by sociologist
used to understand how people interpret social experiences
68
what is participant observation
researcher take part in the social group being studied and while part of the action systemically observes what occurs and why. The goal is to experiences and understand what it is like to be a member of a specific community
69
what does participant observation studies confront
1. determining the researcher role (avoid reactivity) 2. gaining access 3. identifying key informants 4. assembling field notes 5. constructing a narrative
70
what is structured interview
it is rare in qualitative interviewing. follows a structured interview to acquired respondent view on a predetermined subject
71
what is unstructured interview
it has no script. just free talking
72
what is semi-structured interview
has a script, has the opportunity to expand and defer a little from the main topic
73
what is cases in qualiative interviewing
used in qualitative research to exemplify how insiders experiences social realities
74
what is the culture
the shared symbols and their definition that people create to solve real-life problems
75
what does cultures enables people to do
it enables people to adapt to, thrive in their environment
76
what is symbol
concrete things or abstract terms that represent something else in a culture
77
what is the three tools in the human cultural survival kit
1. Abstraction: the abilities to create general concepts that meaningfully organize concrete, sensory experiences. beliefs is in this categorize 2. Cooperation: norms and values 3. production: technologies production to improve the quality of life
78
what is non material culture
symbols, norms and intangible element ex: language, dress code, rituals , manner
79
what is material culture
tools and techniques used to accomplish task ex: weapon, tools, money, clothing, building
80
what is social organization
the orderly arrangement of social interaction the organized social conduct is rooted in a cultural blueprint. this understanding, interpreting and putting the blueprint is important for survival
81
what are the types of norms
1. folkways 2. taboo 3. mores 4. laws
82
what is folkways
the least important norms. its evoke the least serve punishment Ex: saying a curse word in a family dinner RIGHT vs RUDE
83
what is mores
it is severe than folkways. violating core norm essential that important for survival, it is not always enforce by the law ex: cheating in a university RIGHT vs WRONG
84
what is taboo
it is the strongest norms. when violated it causes a revulsion ex: pedophilic RIGHT vs FORBIDDEN
85
what is law
norms that are codified and enforced by the states ex: robbing a bank RIGHT vs ILLEGAL
86
what is ethnocentrism
the tendency for a person to judge other cultures exclusively by the standard of their own culture when you see things from other culture, you view it as inferior, aka: cultural shock
87
does culture have two faces
yes 1. it can be liberating 2. it can be constraining
88
what is the view of culture in the symbolic interactionism as freedom
People do not accept culture passively So we have the chance to change and transform it while attaching meaning to it . we have the freedom to choose how culture influences
89
what is the view of culture in the conflict theory as freedom
the right revolution is the process in which society excluded group struggled to win equal right under the law and in practice Ex: pride parade this is seem in Canadian culture when we acknowledge the grievances of groups who were fully excluded and renewing their pride in their identity
90
what is the view of culture in the globalization as freedom
economics, states and cultures are tied together and people become aware of their growing interdependent. This means different cultures are accessible from the tips of my hands, like if i can watch a Nollywood movie, eat Thai food and more
91
what is postmodernity
Modernity focus on human rationality, post modernity means freedom , so we can choose an identity and we can reject and accept identities
92
what is the aspects of postmodernism
it is the erosion of authority. People are now critical of social institution
93
what is the negative aspect of postmodern condition
- difficult to make binding decision - difficult to govern -difficulties to teach children the difference between right and wrong. because everyone is deconstructing societies - transmit accepted literacy taste's and artistic standard - it is difficult to transmit accepted literary tastes and articles standards from one generation to the another because it is viewed as holding cultural power
94
what is the positive of postmodern concern
- control over the development of identities - free people to adopt religious , ethic and other identities - there is more tolerant difference
95
what is rationalization
it is culture as constraint. max weber proposed rationalization. it means efficient means to achieve given goals and unintended. however he believes rationalizing everything can be like living in a iron cage
96
what is consumerism
the tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods we purchase. However there is a element of constraint as there is a chance of buying a pre-packaged identities. Its ties identities to purchase
97
what is subculture
adherents of a set of distinctive values, norms, and practices within a larger culture. buy identities around buying items around a bigger culture
98
what is counterculture
seek oppose and replace the dominant culture. Ex: punks were rejecting working class culture, so they took working class “pant” and destroy them to show their opposition of the working class.
99
what is cultural capital
the beliefs, tastes, norms and values that people draw upon in everyday life. there are range of social capital, difference in cultural capital are connected to social classes. cultural capital is symbolic
100
what is the mental health concern in relation to increased virtual activities
- social interactions spends less times with each other - rates of teen pregnancy decrease , too much spending time alone - sex depression - spend times as volunteering, working, doing homework. in sport, attend religious
101

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