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YEAR 2 > Sociology 101 > Flashcards

Sociology 101 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sociology

A

Sociology is the study of society. It can be described as the study of social lives in a micro and macro level

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2
Q

what can sociology do

A

1.be a liberating practical activity
2. teach who you are and what you can become
3. help create the best possible future

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3
Q

what is the main goal of sociology

A

to identity and explain personal problem in relation to the social structure

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4
Q

what are the three levels of social structure

A
  1. macrostructures : outside the social relation
  2. microstructures: close social relation.Ex: families and friends
  3. global structures outside the national level
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5
Q

What is the sociological imagination

A

the ability to see the connection between personal problems and social structures

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6
Q

what are the origin of sociological imagination

A

The sociological imagination was born with three revolutions that pushed people to think differently
1. Scientific revolution: led to evidence based conclusion thinking
2. Democratic revolution:led to the thinking of people have the ability to think for themselves
3. Industrial revolution: led to the large scale application of science and technology. Host of many social problems as it created disparities between the working and upper class

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7
Q

Who is Auguste Comte

A

Coined the word “sociology” and wanted to use scientific method to better understand the world

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8
Q

What did Herbert Spencer believe

A
  • Theorized societies evolved the same way biological species do
  • father of social darwinism
  • believed social inequality is needed for societies to evolve
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9
Q

what are the tension in sociology

A

There is a tension between the importance of science and the vision of an ideal society. As there is a possibility for ideas to become extreme in an attempt to ideal society

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10
Q

What is the project of sociology

A

The project of sociology is for people to create an identity and life for themselves with no restraint

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11
Q

what are theories

A

Theories are tentative explanations about aspects of life that state how and why certain facts are related

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12
Q

What are the two form of theories

A

The two forms of theories are grand and middle range theories. The grand theory is the broad explanation of social theory, ex: Karl Marx ideas . The middle range theory is the specific explanation of specific phenomenon, ex: theory of suicide

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13
Q

what is research

A

it is the process of systematically observing reality to assess the validity of a theory

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14
Q

what is value

A

Value is the idea of what is good or bad.Helps sociologist formulate their research

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15
Q

What is the sociologist perspective of suicide

A

Suicide is viewed as an individualistic action. It is regard as an anti-social and non-social act

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16
Q

Who is Emile Durkheim

A

The sociologist explanation of suicide. Durkheim deostarted suicide rates were influenced by social forces. Examined the association between psychological disorder and the suicide. It appeared to be inversely. The less suicide rate is related to the degree of social solidarity

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17
Q

What is social solidarity

A

Social solidarity is the close relationship with members of a group that shares the same beliefs and value. The connection builts reduces the rates of suicide

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18
Q

What is the possible explanation for the increase of suicide today

A

It could be the decrease of social connection. As there has been an increase of an individualistic mindset

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19
Q

What is functionalism

A

Functionalism stresses that human behavior is governed by social structure. Social structure can undermine or maintain social structure. If the social structure is dysfunctional it can be re-established

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20
Q

who is Talcott Parsosn

A

contribute to functionalism in north america. He believes various institutions need to work together to maintain a stable society . He believes family is the most important social structure, then school. Also, according to Parson religion is for shared moral and value

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21
Q

who is Robert Merton

A

contributes to functionalism in North America. believes different institution have different consequences for different group of people, which can cause dysfunction

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22
Q

What is manifest function

A

It is an obvious and intended function of an social structure
Ex: going to school to get a degree

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23
Q

What is latent function

A

it is the non obvious and unintended function of an social structure
Ex: the creation of couples from school setting

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24
Q

What is the conflict theory

A
  • Karl Marx
  • Karl Marx believed social structure are driven by the economic
  • focus on large institution
  • believes inequality produces social stability
  • Karl Marx’s solution to imbalance is communism
  • the upper class tries to maintain their privilege, while the lower class tries to increase their privilege
  • suggest the elimination of privilege will lower the level of conflict and increase human welfare
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25
Q

What is the class conflict

A

It is the struggle between classes to resist and overcome the opposition of other classes. Focused on economic, which is central to Karl Marx’s ideas

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26
Q

Who is Max Weber

A
  • critiqued Karl Marx’s works
  • disagreed with Marx centralizing the social structure around the economy. He believes there are other contributions to social structures
  • For examples, he believes politics and religion are contributor to the social structures
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27
Q

Who laid the foundation of modern conflict theory

A

C Wright Mill

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28
Q

Why did conflict theory took hold of North America

A

It is due to the worker distress from low wages, poor work condition, long work hours

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29
Q

Why did conflict theory take a cultural turn

A

Conflict theory took a cultural turn to better understand the element of which culture express domination by the powerful and resistance by others

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30
Q

Who is Antoni Gramsci

A

He is communist intellect. He believes in cultural hegemony and the media plays a role in spread culture hegemony. Culture hegemony is when the upper thinking ideas and thinking are so deeply entrenched it is seem as common sense

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31
Q

Who is Micheal Foucault

A

believes exercise of power is unstable.In every social interaction power is exercised. Believes culture is the ongoing conflict between dominance and non-dominate. Lastly, he believes institutions use technologies and internalized controlling mechanisms to control individuals

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32
Q

What is post structuralism

A

denied the stability of social relation of cultures in shaping individual identities. When others don’t fit into a group, we uses language to remove their existence

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33
Q

What is symbolic interaction

A
  • emphasize social life since people attach meaning
  • focus on interpersonal communication on a small level
  • people create their social circumstance
  • tolerance of people different from us
  • focus on people’s interpretation of the world
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34
Q

what is the Protestant Ethic

A

It is the belief that religious doubt can be reduced and ticket to heaven can be ensured if people live diligently

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35
Q

Who is George Herbert Mead

A
  • contributes to the symbolic interactionism
  • believes an individual sense of self is developed along the course of interaction with others.
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36
Q

Who is Erving Goffman

A
  • contributes to symbolic interactionism
  • believes people present themselves in the best possible light
  • we have roles in the play of our life, the roles could be being a student, daughter, friend and more
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37
Q

What is social constructionism

A
  • peter berjer
  • the assumption that in interaction people assume are natural and innately what seems.
  • This is sustained by social processes
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38
Q

Queer Theory

A

-deines the very existence of stable identities
- believes labels do not capture the fluidity and variability of people identities and performance
- labels act as forms of control and domination

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39
Q

what is feminist theory

A
  • focuses on various aspects of patriarchy
  • beliefs male domination and female subordination are determined not by biological necessity, but by structures of power and social convention
  • gender is constructed because of the way boys and girls are treated as children
  • examines the operation of patriarchy in both the macro level and macro level setting
    existing patterns of gender inequality can be changed for the benefit if all members of society
  • has element of conflict theory
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40
Q

what is modern feminism

A
  • modern feminism draws attention to the remainder of inequalities between women and men
  • the main source of gender inequality include the differences in the upbringing of boys and girls leading to barrier to equal opportunity (education, work and politics) ad the unequal division of domestic responsibilities between women and men
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41
Q

what are the four theoretical perceptivies of the fashion cycles

A
  1. functionalism: will respond that fashion takes the class system
  2. conflict: will respond fashion takes the top at the top while the bottom stays at the bottom
  3. symbolic interactionism: will respond fashion helps express our identities
  4. feminism: will respond fashion is partichairy. It is meant to appeal to the male gaze
42
Q

what is the post industrial revolution

A

It is the shift from manufacturing industries to services industries

43
Q

what is freedom in social diversity

A

we have the freedom to form our own identities and social relationships. Also people are free to communicate globally

44
Q

what are constraints

A

It is a push to uniformity encouraged through consumerism, new technologies and cultural consumption. Cultural consumption is influenced by american owned corporations leading to the overshadowed of locally products

45
Q

what are 10 common error in unscientific thinking

A
  1. Overgeneralization
  2. Selective observation
  3. Tradition
  4. Authority
  5. Casual observation
  6. illogical reasoning
  7. Premature inquiry
  8. Mystification
  9. Ego-defense
  10. Qualification
46
Q

what is a sample

A

portion of the population intended to study

47
Q

what is a population

A

entire groups about which the researchers generalize

48
Q

what is the importance of viewpoint

A
  • our concept and principles can limit your view and reality. As different religious groups will view the world differently
  • looking at the world from a particular viewpoint can shape your experiences. Our viewpoint matters to our realities
49
Q

can social positive shape our perspective and what we know

A

yes, we can see it from an insider or outsider viewpoint
A insider will have an inmate and unique understanding as a member of the community
An outsider will a different perspective from a non-member viewpoint

50
Q

The process of collecting evidence in qualitative research

A
  1. identity a research interest
  2. collect the evidence
  3. analysis the evidence
  4. provide an interpretation
51
Q

what are the ethical consideration

A
  1. voluntary participation
  2. harm minimization
  3. right to privacy
  4. authenticity
52
Q

what is an operalization

A

The process in which a concept is translated into a variable
Ex: to study anxiety we can measure how often an individual picks their fingers

53
Q

what is variable

A

a measure of concept that has more than one value
Ex: how often do you attend church, if it is weekly, monthly or yearly

54
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a testable form of proposition

55
Q

what is a experiment

A

it is a controlled artificial situation to observe the cause and effect

56
Q

what is randomization

A

involves assigning individuals to groups by chance

57
Q

what is the experimental group

A

the group exposed to the independent variable

58
Q

what is the control group

A

the group exposed to the dependent variable

59
Q

what is validity

A

the degree to which a measure can measure what is intended to measure

60
Q

what is reliability

A

The degree to which a measurement procedures yield consistent results

61
Q

what is a survey

A

asking individuals about their knowledge, attitude, or behavior with a face to face, interview, pencil and paper format or online. it can be open or closed ended question

62
Q

What do researchers refer to their sample results if it reflect the population

A

The results will be described as statistically significant. as the sample size grow, the likelihood of the statistically significantly grows too

63
Q

what is relationship in data

A

within two variable a vaues of one variable changes witht he values of the other

64
Q

what is strengths in data

A

the strength of relationship is determined by the degree to which change in the independent variable is associated with change in the dependent variable

65
Q

how can researcher determine if an independent variables causes a change in a dependent variable

A

researcher determine this relationship using these three criteria which are:
1. relationship test: if the variables are associated
2. sequencing: shows that there is a change in the independent variable before the dependent variable occur
3. non-spuriousness: changes in the control variables cause change in both the independent and dependent variable

66
Q

what is qualitative method used by sociologist

A

Used to seek a subjective understanding of social phenomena used the inductive approach

67
Q

what is qualitative methods used by sociologist

A

used to understand how people interpret social experiences

68
Q

what is participant observation

A

researcher take part in the social group being studied and while part of the action systemically observes what occurs and why. The goal is to experiences and understand what it is like to be a member of a specific community

69
Q

what does participant observation studies confront

A
  1. determining the researcher role (avoid reactivity)
  2. gaining access
  3. identifying key informants
  4. assembling field notes
  5. constructing a narrative
70
Q

what is structured interview

A

it is rare in qualitative interviewing. follows a structured interview to acquired respondent view on a predetermined subject

71
Q

what is unstructured interview

A

it has no script. just free talking

72
Q

what is semi-structured interview

A

has a script, has the opportunity to expand and defer a little from the main topic

73
Q

what is cases in qualiative interviewing

A

used in qualitative research to exemplify how insiders experiences social realities

74
Q

what is the culture

A

the shared symbols and their definition that people create to solve real-life problems

75
Q

what does cultures enables people to do

A

it enables people to adapt to, thrive in their environment

76
Q

what is symbol

A

concrete things or abstract terms that represent something else in a culture

77
Q

what is the three tools in the human cultural survival kit

A
  1. Abstraction: the abilities to create general concepts that meaningfully organize concrete, sensory experiences. beliefs is in this categorize
  2. Cooperation: norms and values
  3. production: technologies production to improve the quality of life
78
Q

what is non material culture

A

symbols, norms and intangible element
ex: language, dress code, rituals , manner

79
Q

what is material culture

A

tools and techniques used to accomplish task
ex: weapon, tools, money, clothing, building

80
Q

what is social organization

A

the orderly arrangement of social interaction
the organized social conduct is rooted in a cultural blueprint. this understanding, interpreting and putting the blueprint is important for survival

81
Q

what are the types of norms

A
  1. folkways
  2. taboo
  3. mores
  4. laws
82
Q

what is folkways

A

the least important norms. its evoke the least serve punishment
Ex: saying a curse word in a family dinner
RIGHT vs RUDE

83
Q

what is mores

A

it is severe than folkways. violating core norm essential that important for survival, it is not always enforce by the law
ex: cheating in a university
RIGHT vs WRONG

84
Q

what is taboo

A

it is the strongest norms. when violated it causes a revulsion
ex: pedophilic
RIGHT vs FORBIDDEN

85
Q

what is law

A

norms that are codified and enforced by the states
ex: robbing a bank
RIGHT vs ILLEGAL

86
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

the tendency for a person to judge other cultures exclusively by the standard of their own culture
when you see things from other culture, you view it as inferior, aka: cultural shock

87
Q

does culture have two faces

A

yes
1. it can be liberating
2. it can be constraining

88
Q

what is the view of culture in the symbolic interactionism as freedom

A

People do not accept culture passively
So we have the chance to change and transform it while attaching meaning to it . we have the freedom to choose how culture influences

89
Q

what is the view of culture in the conflict theory as freedom

A

the right revolution is the process in which society excluded group struggled to win equal right under the law and in practice
Ex: pride parade
this is seem in Canadian culture when we acknowledge the grievances of groups who were fully excluded and renewing their pride in their identity

90
Q

what is the view of culture in the globalization as freedom

A

economics, states and cultures are tied together and people become aware of their growing interdependent. This means different cultures are accessible from the tips of my hands, like if i can watch a Nollywood movie, eat Thai food and more

91
Q

what is postmodernity

A

Modernity focus on human rationality, post modernity means freedom , so we can choose an identity and we can reject and accept identities

92
Q

what is the aspects of postmodernism

A

it is the erosion of authority. People are now critical of social institution

93
Q

what is the negative aspect of postmodern condition

A
  • difficult to make binding decision
  • difficult to govern
    -difficulties to teach children the difference between right and wrong. because everyone is deconstructing societies
  • transmit accepted literacy taste’s and artistic standard
  • it is difficult to transmit accepted literary tastes and articles standards from one generation to the another because it is viewed as holding cultural power
94
Q

what is the positive of postmodern concern

A
  • control over the development of identities
  • free people to adopt religious , ethic and other identities
  • there is more tolerant difference
95
Q

what is rationalization

A

it is culture as constraint. max weber proposed rationalization. it means efficient means to achieve given goals and unintended. however he believes rationalizing everything can be like living in a iron cage

96
Q

what is consumerism

A

the tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods we purchase. However there is a element of constraint as there is a chance of buying a pre-packaged identities. Its ties identities to purchase

97
Q

what is subculture

A

adherents of a set of distinctive values, norms, and practices within a larger culture. buy identities around buying items around a bigger culture

98
Q

what is counterculture

A

seek oppose and replace the dominant culture. Ex: punks were rejecting working class culture, so they took working class “pant” and destroy them to show their opposition of the working class.

99
Q

what is cultural capital

A

the beliefs, tastes, norms and values that people draw upon in everyday life. there are range of social capital, difference in cultural capital are connected to social classes. cultural capital is symbolic

100
Q

what is the mental health concern in relation to increased virtual activities

A
  • social interactions spends less times with each other
  • rates of teen pregnancy decrease , too much spending time alone
  • sex depression
  • spend times as volunteering, working, doing homework. in sport, attend religious
101
Q
A

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