Sociology 101 midterm 2

Question 1

what are the consequences of social isolation in childhood

Answer 1

Based on the studies of Victor, it is seen he never mastered speech and cannot develop an emotional bond with others apart from his caregiver.
It is important for children to have exposure to caring and loving humans during the first few months of life. And if this period is missed it can’t be undone. In essence socialization is a time bound process

Question 2

what is socialization

Answer 2

it is the process by which people learn to function in social life and become aware of themselves as they interact with others
This involves:
1. entering and disengaging from a succession of roles
2. becoming aware of themselves as they interact with other

Question 3

how is the formation of self done

Answer 3

In infants continued social interaction enables them to begin developing a self-image or sense of self. We are not born with a sense of self

Question 4

What is self

Answer 4

It consists of your ideas and attitudes about who you are as an independent being

Question 5

who is sigmund freud

Answer 5

he proposed the first social-scientific interpretation of the process by which the self emerges
he argued that only social interaction allows the self to emerge. He believed children develop a sense of appropriate behavior and a moral sense of right and wrong as a result of learning self- control. To civilize others you must put boundaries, like where you can poop or not

Question 6

who is charles horton cooley

Answer 6

He believed that self is developed through the process of “looking-glass self” In essence we interact others and we then judge how others evaluate us, and from theses judgement we developed a self-concept or set of feelings and ideas about who we are
In this concept, the mirror is others. ex: when babies do something and others laugh. they will believe they are funny

Question 7

who is george herbert mead

Answer 7

In the process of developing self, he proposed the “I” and “Me” self
The “I” self is the subjective and impulsive aspect of the self that is present in birth. The part that wants things
The “me” self is the objective component of the self that emerges as people communicate symbolically and learn to take the role of the other

Question 8

what is george herbert mead four stage of development

Answer 8

1. Imitation: example would be babies babbling to imitate talking, babies shouting when they are angry
2. Pretending: examples would be playing doctor, teacher and more. they pretend as they take on roles
3. playing complex games: when they take on various roles at the same thing
4. developing a sense of cultural standard: image of the generalized others

Question 9

are people potential shaped by the history they lives through

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

what is a life course

Answer 10

The distinct phase of life in which people pass. The stages vary from one depending from society and historical period

Question 11

does part of history you live through help shape your life

Answer 11

yes it does, this can be seen in how before children were considered small adults. However the idea of childhood has emerged when and where it did because of social necessity and social accessibility. Now teens are seen as teens which relieve them of their adult responsibilities

Question 11

what is rites of passage

Answer 11

there are cultural ceremonies that signifies the passage from one phase of life to another or from life to death
There are three phrases:
1. Separation : birth, leaving home, death, marriage
2. transition: learning the appropriate behavior for a new phase of life
3. Incorporation: admitted into a new role

Question 12

what is age cohort

Answer 12

it is the category of people born in the same range of year
ex: looking at people born between the years 2000 and 2010

Question 13

what is age norm

Answer 13

the expectation and norms of people in different age cohorts

Question 14

what is generation cohort

Answer 14

it is an age cohort that shares unique formative experiences during the first few decades of their life. This helps to shape their collective identity and values. generation are most likely to form during times of rapid social change

Question 15

what are the generation cohorts in canadian generation

Answer 15

1. Greatest generation
   - came to age around the great depression
   - experienced and fought in World War 2
   - due to struggles they faced they are highly resilient, dedicated to their country, and frugal
2. Silent generation
   - known as the lucky generation because they didn’t experience World War 2 and experienced economic boom
   - associated with lots of civil right movement such the gay right movement and the feminist liberation
   -experienced tv and radio in their later life
3. Baby boomer
   - they are influential since they helped shape canada
   - experienced vietnam war, trudeaumania, canada centenary, popular music (bettles, rolling stones..)
4. Generation X
   - faced the worst economic outcome
   - difficulties facing jobs since baby boomers kept holding on to the jobs
5. Millennial
   - first generation to come of age in the twenties century
   - experienced internet but still know how life was before internet
   - largest living generation
   - more ethically and diverse

Question 16

what is the view of functionalism on socialization

Answer 16

think it maintains orderly social relation

Question 17

what are the view of conflict theory and feminist on socialization

Answer 17

they believe it reproduce conflict and oppression

Question 18

what are the view of symbolic interactionists on socialization

Answer 18

highlights the creativity of individuals in attaching meaning to their social surroundings. people can transcend their socialization and take how they were socialized because they were shaped by society but also reinterpret the norms of society to reshape it

Question 19

how is a person’s social environment constitute

Answer 19

they are constituted and influenced by the real or imagined others

Question 20

what is Adaptation in relation to socialization

Answer 20

individuals adapting their behavior to gain environment cooperation for the satisfaction of need and interest
ex: a student being a good student to get a recommendation letter

Question 21

where do we get our socialization: families

Answer 21

they are the most important agents of socialization because we are mostly spending time with them and they are most enduring you can’t change them. Your adulthood largely corresponds with how you were shaped in your childhood

Question 22

where do we get our socialization: school

Answer 22

The school is responsible for secondary socialization. Important since we spend about 17 or more years. School has a hidden curriculum, that teaches obedience and conformity to cultural norms. Argument from critical race theory and feminist scholar suggest the hidden curriculum is wrong for racial minority and whiteness is taught

Question 23

what is thomas theorem

Answer 23

It is when we treat a situation, they will become real in their consequence
ex: the borders we treat are not actually real but we treat them like they are real. concept of symbolic interactionism

Question 24

what is self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 24

when an expectation helps bring about the prediction ex: if a student tells themselves they are going to fail an exam, they won't study producing a bad score. so the prediction will match the expectation

Question 25

what is peer group

Answer 25

peer groups help young people integrate into the larger society. It is with people with similar age and status

Question 26

what is status

Answer 26

recognized social position an individual can occupy

Question 27

what is the feminist approach to the mass media

Answer 27

Since feminist believe the media shape our ideas around gender, they should have better representation because they are very influential

Question 28

what is resocialization

Answer 28

when people socialize it can be overridden. So an individual is completely removed from their previous social environment and placed in a new one ex: cult and prison

Question 29

what is initiation rite

Answer 29

it is a ritual that signifies the transition of the individual from one group to another. And also ensure his or her loyalty to the new group

Question 30

what is the process of initiation rite

Answer 30

1. ritual rejection 2. ritual death 3. ritual rebirth

Question 31

what is total institution

Answer 31

it is a setting where people are under strict control and supervision ex: prision

Question 32

anticipatory socialization

Answer 32

Taking on norms and roles to which we aspire . this can help us to learn the new roles ex: dressing for a job you want

Question 33

what is the contribution of the flexibility of self

Answer 33

Globalization and the growing ability to fashion new bodies from old. As self is flexible, it is not constant from childhood

Question 34

what is the contribution of digital technologies in socialization

Answer 34

it is another way people are socialized. it allows us to reshape our norms and values, also draw our norms and values from other racial groups and gender

Question 35

what is deviance

Answer 35

deviance violates social norms and it is relatives meaning what others view as seriously wrong, might not be so bad to you

Question 36

what is crime

Answer 36

it is deviance that breaks a law

Question 37

what are the punishment when some commit a serious act of deviance

Answer 37

an individual can face informal or formal punishment informal punishment is a mild sanction. ex: getting punished for cheating on a test in university formal punishment is a serious as it take place in the judicial system for breaking a law

Question 38

what are the criteria that vary in deviance and crime

Answer 38

1. severity of the social response 2. perceived harmfulness 3. degree of public agreement

Question 39

what is uniform crime report

Answer 39

it is police reported crime statistics. it has two main shortcomings which are crimes are not reports because they are victimless (both parties are willing consenting) and crimes are ignored (since police think they have lower severity)

Question 40

what is self-report survey in crime

Answer 40

asking respondents to report their involvement in criminal activities wither as perpetrator or as a victim

Question 41

what is a victimization survey

Answer 41

asking people if they were victims of crime

Question 42

what is the explanation for the decline in crime

Answer 42

1. better trained enforcement 2. decline in the number of young people (young men) 3. legalization of abortion 4. economic boom 5. lead. it impairs people neurocognitive function and development

Question 43

what are the contribution of the overrepresentation of racial group in prison

Answer 43

1. poverty 2. tend to commit more visible street crimes unlike white collar. ex: selling drug, breaking and entering, mugging, this are considered street crimes so they happen in public places. White collar crimes are done by people with white collar jobs ex: embezzlement, internet fraud, copyright infringement, hacking 3. discrimination by criminal justice system. There is more police attention to minority neighbourhoods and the court tends to sentence people of minority background at higher rates and longer sentences 4. weakened social control over community member due to western culture’s disruption of social life in indigenous communities through like intergenerational trauma from the residential school and more

Question 44

is deviant behavior learned and how is it fixed

Answer 44

yes deviant behavior is learned. identifying the social circumstance , so you can disrupt the social circumstance promoting the learning of deviant and criminal roles is a traditional focus of symbolic interactionists

Question 45

why is prison not recommend for young people and first-time criminal

Answer 45

Learning any deviant or criminal role requires a social context in which experiences deviant or criminal teach novices the tricks of the trade. Prison is known as the university of deviant because they have more exposure to experienced deviant and criminal increases the chances that an individual will come to value a deviant or criminal lifestyles and consider it normal

Question 46

what is labelling theory

Answer 46

Any behavior society views deviance would be considered deviant. what is considered deviant can change over time ex: before being gay was considered deviant but not anymore

Question 47

what is the focus of symbolic interactionism in relation to deviant

Answer 47

They focus on the learning and labelling of deviant and criminal roles

Question 48

what is the focus of functionalist in relation to deviant

Answer 48

They focus on the social dysfunction resulting from deviant and criminal behavior

Question 49

what was durkheim controversial claim of deviance

Answer 49

He believed deviance and crime are beneficial for society. He believes when someone breaks a rule, it gives people the chance to condemn and punish, remind people of their common values, clarifies the moral boundaries and reinforces social solidarity. This will result in positive social change. He believes most people aren't aware of boundaries until someone breaks and makes everyone aware of the boundaries

Question 50

what is the strain theory

Answer 50

People turn to deviance when they experience strain. when there are social expectation an individual has and when it doesn’t happen, they experience a strain which is disconnection between their expectation and their reality. ex: someone thinks they will become wealthy and then when they don't, they might commit a crime

Question 51

what is the Merton strain theory of deviance

Answer 51

- cultural goal - instituionalized means - conformity - innovation - ritualism - retreatism - rebellion

Question 52

what is cultural goals

Answer 52

what does the culture tell an individual how they should live their life (how to have a good life) . ex: have material success, romantic partners. You can either reject or accept it

Question 53

what is institutionalized means

Answer 53

what are the life patterns you should follow. Are you going about the "right" way ex: going to university if you want good education to get a good job to eventually have lots of money you can either reject or accept it

Question 54

what is conformity

Answer 54

accepting the cultural goal and institutionalized means

Question 55

what is innovation

Answer 55

accept the cultural goal and reject institutionalized means. ex: Bill Gates, he dropped out of uni and created his company and became rich. another example would be criminal want the cultural goal of wealth, and more, instead of them following the institutionalized means they goes about the wrong way

Question 56

what is ritualism

Answer 56

reject the cultural goal and accept the institutionalized means. An individual is going through the motion by doing the right way, they have given up on the cultural goal of wealth and more. ex: working on michaels with no main goal

Question 57

what is retreatism

Answer 57

reject both the cultural goal and institulized means ex: young men living in his mom basement which they have no als and pursuit of a meaningful life

Question 58

what is rebellion

Answer 58

having a new goal and new means

Question 59

what is deviant subculture

Answer 59

deviant may depart from the mainstream culture, however there are strict conformists (death or worse) when it comes to the norms of their own subculture

Question 60

what can be found in criminal subculture

Answer 60

- denying personal responsibility for action - denying the wrongfulness of the act - denounce those who pass judgement on them - victims get what they deserve especially when they are rich - appealing to higher loyalties in their group

Question 61

what is the conflict theory criticism of functionalist

Answer 61

conflict theorists believe functionalists exaggerate the connection between crime and class. Also they state there is a weak association between the lower class and performing crime as functionalists tend to associate crime to the lower class as their poverty causes them to commit crime

Question 62

what is the conflict theorist argument

Answer 62

The powerful and wealthy write the laws so they impose deviant and criminal labels on other. This tend to be against the people of colour The rich and powerful are usually able to use their money and influence to escape punishment for their own misdeed Since power is commonly used to perpetuate privilege, so the members of privilege classes use their power to avoid being defined as criminal and if so defined from suffering serious consequence

Question 63

what is the control theory

Answer 63

it is the reward of deviance and crime are plentiful so people will likely to commit crime if they could

Question 64

what are the four types of social control theory

Answer 64

1. social attachment to responsible role model: we have people we care about and their opinion matter. we don’t commit crime because don’t want to ruin the relationship we have 2. legitimate opportunities for education and a good job: we don’t want to ruin our opportunities for education and good job 3. involvement in conventional institutions: whether it is clubs, temples, church and more and our involvement with these institutions with be affected if commit deviant crime 4. beliefs in traditional values and money: our belief hold us in place and if we commit deviant we will jeopardize our beliefs

Question 65

what is social control

Answer 65

it is the way in which a social system attempts to regulate people's thoughts, feelings , appearances and behavior. we have multiple social control from our families, institutions and more

Question 66

what are the two types of social control

Answer 66

internal and external social control

Question 67

what is internal social control

Answer 67

The most important according to foucault . Regulate people through socialization and shapes people’s mind so they come to regard deviant actions as underiable ex: why an individual don’t cross the red light in the middle night where there was no one

Question 68

what is external social control

Answer 68

regulates people by imposing punishments and offering rewards. ex: getting kicked out of university

Question 69

what is panopticon

Answer 69

it is a circular prison with a tower in the middle that allows inmates to be constantly observed without their knowledge. Foucault believed society is centered around panopticons, so your behavior will be controlled

Question 70

what is the medicalization of deviance

Answer 70

- what has been defined as “badness” is defined as “sickness”. ex: ADHD - what used to be regarded as willful deviance is now often regarded as involuntary deviance - as the definition of deviance change, deviance is increasingly under the sway of medical and psychiatric establishment

Question 71

what is the rationales of incarnation

Answer 71

1. opportunity for rehabilitation: least possible reason. The reasoning is drug therapy and education are offered in prison 2. deterrence: the act of discouraging an action ex: scaring others that prison is a bad place to disencourage from going 3. revenge for illegal acts 4. incapation: an individual can no longer commit that affect the society

Question 72

what is capital punishment

Answer 72

the "super" form of deterrence. An individual knowing they will face a death penalty will make them less likely to commit a crime

Question 73

What are alternative strategies

Answer 73

suggested there are two main reforms to our current prison regime. which are recidivism rates can be reduced through programs such as educational and job training, therapy, substance abuse, counselling and behavior modification. The second way to attempts to reduce the number of people going to prison to avoid them from becoming a strong and dangerous criminal

Question 74

What has the creation of global village led to

Answer 74

1. the world has shrunk as we are more connected 2. we have the internet 3. fewer countries require 4. easier access to funds 5. spread of north american-style supermarkets and franchises 6. increase in use of english

Question 75

when does globalization occur

Answer 75

globalization occurs as people become increasingly aware of and depend on one another. due to these we have the benefit of rapid movement of capital commodities, cultures and people across national boundaries

Question 76

what is the disadvantages of globalization

Answer 76

since we are very interconnected, a disaster in one country can affect many other countries. Also globalization contributes to the richer getting richer and the poorer only moving up the ladder by a little bit it can hurt local culture and the natural environment

Question 77

what is global commodity chain

Answer 77

it is a worldwide network of labour and production processes whose end results is a finished commodity

Question 78

what makes global commodity chain faster and possible

Answer 78

1. changes in transportation has made global commodities possible and faster, improving more intense cultural interaction 2. politics: important in determining the level of globalization. politically isolated countries have less integration with the rest of the world 3. economic: industrial capitalism is always seeking new markets, higher profits and lower labour cost. capitalist competition has been the major spur to international integration

Question 79

how has the internet contributes the global digital network

Answer 79

The internet has allowed global digital network to form new os cultural production and exchange making the world "smaller", instantaneous, some argued the free access to information will mean an increase in liberalism

Question 80

what is transnational corporation

Answer 80

multinational or international corporation. These are large businesses with head offices in rich countries

Question 81

What are the five way transnational corporation differ from traditional corporation

Answer 81

1. depend increasingly on foreign labour and foreign production 2. increasingly emphasizes skills and advances in design 3. depend increasingly on world market. ex: entertainment: Disney has more money nationally than domestically 4. depend increasingly on massive adversity campaign 5. are increasingly autonomous from the national government because they are so big

Question 82

what is Mcdonaldization

Answer 82

Americans branch off their ideas, a form of rationalization because they are effective since they follow the same method (predictability) and calculability

Question 83

what is glocalization

Answer 83

The simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization. ex: when mcdonald move into a country, they bring the same thing (burger) while tailoring the slightly according to the popular items in the country

Question 84

what is regionalization

Answer 84

the world is divided and competes economically, politically and culturally ex: EU (european creating a uniform union and try to compete with the rest of the world

Question 85

what are the stat of global poverty

Answer 85

since 1990 more than a billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty however extreme poverty has dropped, for the first time the majority of humankind is no longer poor or vulnerable

Question 86

what are the stand among anti globalization

Answer 86

They can be extremely violent or nonviolent some reject only what they regard as the excesses of globalization; others reject globalization in its entirety

Question 87

what are the first version of globalization

Answer 87

There are different versions of the history of globalization. this version states globalization is a recent phenomenon. globalization is dated from the spread of global awareness and skepticism about the benefit of modernization

Question 88

what is the other version of globalization

Answer 88

This version states globalization is the result of industrialization and modernization which picked up pace in the late nineteenth century and that occurred

Question 89

what is the ancient version of globalization

Answer 89

this version states globalization is as old as civilization and believe globalization is the cause of modernization rather than the other way around

Question 90

what is the critic of globalization

Answer 90

there is a dramatic gap between the rich and the poor at the global level as it has made the rich richer while solving the problem of the poor The UN calls the level of inequality worldwide "grotesque"

Question 91

what is the functionalist approach to globalization

Answer 91

states the economic underdeveloped hasn't done the things the western countries did to be economically developed. The western attributes includes values, business practices, level of investment capital and stable government ex: japan following the method of western attributes causing them to develop economically

Question 92

what is the conflict theory approach to globalization

Answer 92

states the economic underdeveloped is the results of exploitative relations between the rich and the poor

Question 93

what is the modernization theory approach to what caused poverty

Answer 93

They state poverty is due to 1. lack capital to invest in western style agriculture and industry 2. lack rational, western styles business techniques of marking, accounting, sales and finance 3. lack western styles stable government that could provide secure environment for investment 4. lack western mentality that emphasizes need for saving, investment, innovation, education, high achievement, self-control in having children

Question 94

according to the modernization theory what is the solution to poverty

Answer 94

- transfer of capital and western cultural values - government-to-government foreign aid - direct investment by western business - trade between rich and poor countries

Question 95

what is the dependency theory to what caused poverty

Answer 95

- related to conflict theory and marx states poverty is due to powerful countries exploitativing and colonizing others following the world war 2, nearly all colonies in the world became politically independent

Question 96

what are the new means of exploitation

Answer 96

- substantial foreign investment - support for authoritarian government - mounting debt

Question 97

what is core capitalist countries

Answer 97

major sources of technology and capital in the world ex: Canada, australia, russia before the war

Question 98

what is peripheral capitalist countries

Answer 98

major source of raw materials and cheap labour ex: bandglash, vietnam

Question 99

what is semi peripheral capitalist countries

Answer 99

former colonies that are making considerable headway in attempts to industrialize

Question 100

what are the four ways prospering semi peripheral countries differs from poorer peripheral countries

Answer 100

1. types of colonialism 2. geopolitical position 3. states policy 4. social structure

Question 101

what are the concepts of dividing the world into three tiers

Answer 101

Immanuel Wallerstein – capitalist development resulted in a “world system” comprising three tiers:

Question 102

what is social diversion

Answer 102

there are no consequences, you might just get a little side eyes ex: having purple hair in canada today

Question 103

what is social deviation

Answer 103

will face some pushback but nothing too serious. which are not illegal in themselves but are widely regarded as serious or harmful. ex: wearing long hair in some high school in the 1960s

Question 104

what is conflict crime

Answer 104

faced more pushback but it is not socially agreed it is wrong ex: prostitution, smoking marijuana

Question 105

what is consensus crime

Answer 105

A person who goes against the majority agreement in values, norms, and behaviors is considered deviant. ex: having a weird relationship with kids