Psychology Cognition Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Psychology Cognition Deck (42)
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1
Q

What are the four pillars of information processing?

A
  1. Thinking requires sensation, emotion, and storage.
  2. Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain.
  3. Decisions in one situation can be extrapolated in order to help solve a different problem
  4. Problem solving is not only dependent on a cognitive level, but also on the context and complexity of the situation.
2
Q

What was Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive theory?

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

3
Q

What is accommodation vs assimilation in terms of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

Assimilation is classifying new information to preexisiting schemas.

Accommodation is schemas being modified to fit new information.

4
Q

Describe the Sensorimotor Stage.

A

Age: First two years of life.
The child learns to manipulate the environment around him/her. Sucking thumb , or throwing objects in order to get a physical response.
The end of this stage occurs when Object Permanence develops.

5
Q

Describe the Preoperational Stage

A

Age: 2- 7 years.

Characterized by egocentrism, symbolic thinking, and inability to understand conservation.

6
Q

Describe Concerete Operational

A

Age: 7-11 years.

Child has gained the ability to understand conservation. Child will begin thinking logically.

7
Q

Describe Formal Operational

A

Age: 11 +

Child has gained the ability to think abstract thoughts.

8
Q

Relate Culture and Cognitive Developement

A

Vygotsky claimed one’s culture was the driving force behind cognitive development. The ideas, thoughts, roles passed down from one generation to the next determines how a child will develop.

9
Q

Compare fluid and crystallized intelligence.

A

Fluid intelligence is problem solving.

Crystallized intelligence is using learned skills.

10
Q

What might be the solution to being “stuck” on a problem?

A

The framing of the problem may need to be altered.

11
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

The inability to consider solutions to a problem in a nontraditional way.

12
Q

What some types of problem solving techniques?

A

Trail & Error
Inductive Reasoning: create theory via generalizations
Deductive Reasoning: use rules to solve a problem.
Algorithms

13
Q

Describe availability heuristics.

A

Using our own knowledge to classify information, but this might not always be correct.

14
Q

Describe representative heuristics.

A

Representativeness heuristic involves categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category.

15
Q

What is disconfirmation principle?

A

Tendency for people to extend critical scrutiny to information which contradicts their prior beliefs and accept uncritically information that is congruent with their prior beliefs. Leads to overconfidence.

16
Q

Describe Intuition.

A

The ability to act of perception that may not be supported by evidence.

17
Q

What are Gardner’s 7 types of intelligence?

A

Linguistic, Logical-Math, Musical, Visual, Bodily, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal.

18
Q

Describe Alertness:

A

Alertness is the state of consciousness in which we are awake. We can perceive, process, and communicate.

19
Q

Describe Alpha, Beta, and theta waves

A

Beta waves occur during high levels of concentration.
Alpha waves in a state of relaxation before sleep.
Theta waves start after you begin Stage 1 of sleep.

20
Q

Describe the different stages of sleep

A

Stage 1: immediately when you begin to sleep.
Stage 2: characterized by k complex and spindles.
Stage 3 & 4: considered deep sleep with delta waves.

1-4 are NON REM Sleep.

21
Q

Contrast Dyssomnia and Parasomnias

A

Dyssomia are disorders that prevent sleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleeping.

Parasomnia are abnormal movements in sleep.

22
Q

Describe different dyssomias

A

insomnia: inability to fall asleep due to stress, anxiety, etc.
narcolepsy: lacking control of sleep.
sleep paralysis: can’t move during sleep, but you’re awake.
sleep apnea: not breathing while you’re sleeping.

23
Q

How can you remember the different between hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations?

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations occur when one is going to bed. Hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is popping up out of bed.

24
Q

What are night tremors?

A

Occur in children, intense anxiety in deep sleep.

25
Q

Describe the uses of hypnosis.

A

Hypnosis puts someone into a relaxed state and makes them highly susceptible. Can be used for pain management, therapy, memory enhancement, weight loss, etc.

26
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement. Dreaming occurs here. Paradoxical because brain activity is high even though the body isn’t moving.

27
Q

Describe Freud’s theory of dreaming:

A

Dream represent unconscious wishes/urges/conflicts/desires.
Manifest content- literal content of the dream
Latent content- what is the underlying meaning to the dream?

28
Q

What is the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis?

A

Dreams are our brains trying to find meaning to random brain activity, they have no real meaning.

29
Q

What is the difference between confirmation bias vs belief perseverance?

A

Belief perseverance occurs when you ignore something you don’t like or you don’t agree with.
Confirmation bias occurs when you actively seek out things you agree with.

30
Q

Types of CA drugs.

A

Depressants, Stimulants, Opiates, and Hallucinogens.

31
Q

Describe different depressants

A

Alcohol: increase dopamine, increase GABA receptors, decrease cognitive function. Diseases such as liver failure, Korsakoff’s Syndrome, etc.

Benzodiazepines: increase GABA activity causing relaxation, but are highly addictive. Don’t take with alcohol. Used in anxiety medication.

32
Q

Describe different stimulants.

A

Amphetamines: increase arousal, increase dopamine, reduce sleep, reduce food, increase heart rate, anxiety, etc.
Cocaine: anesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties
Ectasy: hallucinogen combined with amphetamines.
Opiates: decrease pain and sense of euphoria.

33
Q

Describe different hallucinogens.

A

LSD: Physiologic effects include increased heart rate and blood pressure, dilation of pupils, sweating, and increased body temperature.

Marijuana: THC increases GABA receptors and dopamine

34
Q

Describe selective and divided attention:

A

selective attention is when you’re particular about what you allow into your processing.
divided attention is performing multiple tasks at the same time; multitasking.

35
Q

What are the 5 components to language?

A

Phonology: actually sounds of the language.
Morphology: structure of the words.
Semantics: meaning of the word.
Syntax: putting words together to form a sentence.
Pragmatic: dependence on the language in real life application.

36
Q

What is the timeline of language acquisition?

A
9-12 months: babbling
12 to 18 months: one word per month
18 to 20 months: explosion of language
2 to 3 years: longer sentences
5 years : rules mostly mastered
37
Q

Describe Nativist theory

A

Noam Chomsky. Children has a LAD which allows them to learn a language. Critical period is the best time to learn a language. It’s harder during the sensitive period to learn a language.

38
Q

Describe learning theory:

A

BF Skinner. Language is via operant training. Rewarded for learning different words and sentences, etc.

39
Q

Describe Interactionist Approach:

A

Vygotsky. biological and social factors interact in order to learn a language. Need to communicate makes children learn a language.

40
Q

What is the Whorfian hypothesis?

A

Language determines thought. Language determines the way we think.

41
Q

Compare and contrast Broca’s and Wernicke’s area.

A

Broca’s Area controls speech
Wernicke’s area controls language comprehension

Broca’s aphasia is when you can’t speak properly, but you can understand everything
Wernicke’s aphasia is when a patient can’t understand anything, so speech is slurred

42
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

Conduction aphasia is when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged. People can speak and understand everything, but won’t be able to repeat it back to you.