PTA145-Unit4-eStim-Lecture

Question 1

electron?

Answer 1

negatively charged atomic particle

- basis of electricity

Question 2

cathode?

Answer 2

• negative point/pole of electric circuit

- area of high concentration of electrons

Question 3

anode?

Answer 3

• positive point/pole of electric circuit

- area of low concentration of electrons

Question 4

electricity?

Answer 4

the force created by an imbalance in the number of electrons

- the force created by the movement of the electrons (what you get from current)

Question 5

electric current?

Answer 5

the situation in which electrons flow from high concentration to low concentration
- actual movement of the force

Question 6

closed circuit?

Answer 6

the complete pathway needed for electron flow

- will get electricity

Question 7

open circuit?

Answer 7

incomplete pathway for electrons

• no electron flow
• no electricity

Question 8

direct current?

Answer 8

• steady flow
• uninterrupted
• unidirectional flow of electrons

Question 9

alternating current?

Answer 9

• uninterrupted
• bidirectional flow of electrons
• direction of flow cyclically changes from positive to negative

Question 10

pulsed current?

Answer 10

• monophasic or biphasic
• ## fancy DC or AC

Question 11

resistance?

Answer 11

the materials that tend to oppose current flow

Question 12

insulator?

Answer 12

material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field

• contains the electricity and prevents dissipation
• plastic on wire

Question 13

conductor?

Answer 13

the materials that allow current to pass with relative ease

Question 14

path of least resistance?

Answer 14

The concept is often used to describe why an object or entity takes a given path.
- ex is electricity going through muscle and blood instead of skin and fat

Question 15

pulse?

Answer 15

flow of electrons marked by discrete periods of non-electron flow

Question 16

phase?

Answer 16

individual sections of a single pulse

Question 17

amplitude?

Answer 17

max distance the pulse rises above the baseline

Question 18

phase duration?

Answer 18

the time period of the phase

Question 19

pulse duration?

Answer 19

the time period of the pulse

Question 20

phase duration and pulse duration?

Answer 20

• the same thing if monophasic

Question 21

intrapulse interval?

Answer 21

the “downtime” within the pulse

- a single pulse or phase may be interrupted by intrapulse interval

Question 22

interpulse interval?

Answer 22

the “downtime” between the pulse

- the time between the end of one pulse and the start of the next pulse

Question 23

biphasic, symmetrical?

Answer 23

when the two phases are mirror images of each other

- more comfortable

Question 24

biphasic, asymmetrical?

Answer 24

when the two phases are different from each other

Question 25

biphasic, asymmetrical balanced?

Answer 25

when the charges of both phases are electrically equal

Question 26

biphasic, asymmetrical unbalanced?

Answer 26

when the charges of both phases are not electrically equal

Question 27

pulse frequency?

Answer 27

- number of events per second - cycle per second (cps) - pulses per second (pps) - Hertz (Hz) * an adjustable output parameter

Question 28

carrier frequency?

Answer 28

the frequency in the machine itself - applicable for Interferential Stimulation - not adjustable output

Question 29

pulse rise time?

Answer 29

- ramp up | - the amount of time needed for the pulse to reach peak value

Question 30

pulse decay time?

Answer 30

- ramp down | - the amount of time needed for pulse to return from peak to zero

Question 31

pulse trains?

Answer 31

- Bursts - currents that are regularly interrupted by periods of non-current flow - linked patterns repeat at regular intervals

Question 32

amplitude ramp?

Answer 32

gradual increase in amplitude of pulse train/burst

Question 33

why burst?

Answer 33

burst allows better motor recruitment

Question 34

Ohm's Law?

Answer 34

I = V/R current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance - the voltage applied to the circuit must be greater than the resistance or no current will flow

Question 35

higher resistance needs __?

Answer 35

higher current

Question 36

lower resistance needs __?

Answer 36

lower current

Question 37

current = __?

Answer 37

intensity = amplitude

Question 38

which frequency more comfortable for patient?

Answer 38

higher frequency | - because higher frequency means lower tissue resistance

Question 39

Law of Dubois Reymond?

Answer 39

1. intensity of the current must be intense enough to depolarize the cell membrane 2. the rate of rise of the pulse must be rapid enough to prevent accommodation 3. current must flow long enough in one direction to cause the nerve to depolarize

Question 40

current flowing in one direction?

Answer 40

the phase

Question 41

nerves that depolarize faster?

Answer 41

larger diameter nerves

Question 42

preferred rise time?

Answer 42

2 seconds

Question 43

preferred frequency for biological effects?

Answer 43

less than 1000 pps

Question 44

preferred frequency for heating effects?

Answer 44

medium - 1000 - 100,000 cps high - greater than 100,000 cps - as seen with diathermy

Question 45

more comfortable phase duration?

Answer 45

shorter

Question 46

why alter phase duration?

Answer 46

to activate different fibers

Question 47

why choose longer phase duration?

Answer 47

- least comfortable - for SCI or peripheral nerve injuries - To allow denervated muscle to contract

Question 48

shortest phase duration?

Answer 48

stimulate sensory (A-beta)

Question 49

medium phase duration?

Answer 49

stimulate motor

Question 50

longest phase duration?

Answer 50

noxious (C-fiber)

Question 51

smaller burst interval?

Answer 51

fatigue faster

Question 52

name 6 types of e-stim

Answer 52

1. NMES 2. TENS 3. IFC/Pre-Mod 4. Hi-Volt 5. Russian 6. VMS Burst

Question 53

which e-stim for muscle re-education?

Answer 53

NMES

Question 54

which e-stim for pain control?

Answer 54

TENS | IFC/Pre-mod

Question 55

which e-stim for muscle strengthening?

Answer 55

Russian | VMS Burst

Question 56

which e-stim for edema reduction?

Answer 56

Hi-Volt

Question 57

which e-stim is monophasic?

Answer 57

Hi-Volt

Question 58

which e-stim is asymmetrical biphasic?

Answer 58

TENS

Question 59

which e-stim is symmetrical biphasic?

Answer 59

NMES