QUANTITATIVE DISORDERS Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
absolute leukocyte counts >11.0x10^9/L
A
Leukocytosis
2
Q
absolute leukocyte counts <3.0x1069/L
A
Leukopenia
3
Q
Absolute neutrophil count: >7.0 – 8.0x10^9/L in adults, 8.5x10^9/L in children
A
Neutrophilia
4
Q
Normal relative neutrophil count is___
A
50-70%
5
Q
neutrophilia can be __.
A
pathologic or physiologic
6
Q
Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
infection:
A
bacterial, parasitic, fungal (actinomycosis), viral (varicella, variola, rabies, herpes zoster),
7
Q
Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Malignancy
A
neoplastic growth
8
Q
Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Inflammation
A
: serosal, visceral, blood cell destruction, post-traumatic, thermal injury, chemicals/drugs
9
Q
Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Metabolic disorders:
A
diabetes, renal dysfunction, liver disease
10
Q
Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
drugs:
A
Corticosteroids, Lithium
11
Q
Physiologic: (usually transient) cause of Neutrophilia
o Physical stimuli:
A
exercise, excessive temperature changes, nausea,
vomiting, pregnancy, labor
12
Q
Physiologic: (usually transient) cause of Neutrophilia
Emotional stimuli:
A
rage, panic, stress
13
Q
Neutrophilia will always be evaluated using __
A
absolute value.
14
Q
The Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) determine by adding the numbers of ___ and __
A
segmented and band neutrophil.
15
Q
Decreased count of neutrophil.
A
Neutropenia
16
Q
Most common type of leukopenia
A
Neutropenia
17
Q
Absolute neutrophil count for neutropenia
A
<1.75-1.8x109/L
18
Q
Agranulocytosis
A
extreme neutropenia (<0.5x109/L)
19
Q
Causes of neutropenia:
A
- Decreased neutrophil production
- Inherited stem cell disorders: Fanconi’s syndrome
20
Q
Acquired stem cell disorders:
A
chemical toxicity, marrow replacement,
nutritional deficiencies, cytotoxic drugs
21
Q
Increased neutrophil destruction
Infections:
A
bacterial (typhoid, parathypoid, brucellosis) -
Infectious hepatitis, infectious rubella
22
Q
Increased neutrophil destruction
Immune reactions:
A
neonatal isoimmune neutropenia (maternal IgG),
autoimmune
23
Q
Under Felty’s syndrome is SANTA.
A
S – Splenomegaly
A – Anemia
N – Neutropenia
T – Thrombocytopenia
A – Arthritis
24
Q
Drug-induced neutropenia
A
amidopyrine, cephalosporins
25
Increased sequestration in neutropenia
associated with splenic enlargement, increased
margination
26
Pseudoeutropenia in neutropenia
after injection of endotoxin, hypersensitivity,
hypothermia
27
Absolute eosinophil count:
0.4x10^9/L
28
Major function of eosinophil
Granulation where substance releases the damage of organism
29
Causes of eosinophilia:
o Infestation by tissue
invading parasites
30
Causes of eosinophilia:
Allergic reactions:
respiratory (asthma, hay fever) skin disorder (psoriasis,
eczema)
31
Causes of eosinophilia:
Pulmonary disorder:
Loeffler’s syndrome, PIE (pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia) tropical eosinophilia
32
Causes of eosinophilia:
Gastrointestinal disorders:
ulcerative colitis Infections: scarlet fever, HIV,
fungal
33
Causes of eosinophilia:
Miscellaneous disorders:
familial, irradiation, periarteritis nodosa
34
Also seen in cases of HIV infection, scarlet fever, and fungal infection
Eosinophilia
35
Absolute eosinophil count for Eosinopenia
<0.09x10^9/L
36
is eosinopenia
Difficult to detect using routine differentials and total leukocyte count ?
yes
37
Most common cause of eosinopenia is the presence of
malignant myeloproliferative
myoplasm
38
Associated with condition Eosinopenia:
Marrow hypoplasia
39
Causes of eosinopenia:
o Acute bacterial infections
o ACTH administration (thorn’s test)
40
Basophilia
Absolute basophil count
>0.15x10^9 /L
41
Usually associated with eosinophilia.
Basophilia
42
Most common cause of Basophiliais the presence of
malignant myeloproliferative neoplasm.
43
Causes of Basophilia:
o Reactive basophilia: hypersensitivity
o Hypothyroidism
o Ulcerative colitis
o Estrogen therapy
44
Basopenia Caused by:
acute infections, stress, hyperthyroidism, increased levels of glucocorticoids (sabi ni madam, glucocorticosteoids)
45
Monocytosis
Absolute monocyte count:
>0.9x10^9 /L or until 1.0x10^9/L in adults and
3.5x10^8/L in neonates
46
Monocytosis is Caused by:
Bacterial infections:
tuberculosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE),
syphilis
47
Monocytosis is Caused by:
Inflammatory responses:
surgical trauma, tumors, collagen vascular, disorders gastrointestinal disease
48
relative caused of monocytosis
Recovery from neutropenia (relative)
49
another cause of Myeloproliferative disorders
monocytosis
50
monocytosis is Associated with:
neutropenic disorder.
51
Monocytopenia
Absolute monocyte count:
<0.02x10^9/L
52
Decrease in monocyte.
Monocytopenia
53
Very rare condition that do not involve cytopenia found in patient receiving
steroid therapy.
Monocytopenia
54
Monocytopenia
Caused by:
after administration of glucocorticoids, during overwhelming infections that also causes neutropenia.
55
Lymphocytosis
Absolute lymphocyte count in:
o Adult: >4.5x10^9 /L
o Infants and young children: >10x10^9 /L
o Children older than 2 weeks and younger than 8 years have higher lymphocyte
56
Relative lymphocytosis:
: increase in the percentage of circulating lymphocytes, does not necessarily reflect a true or absolute increase in lymphocytes.
57
Reactive/atypical/variant lymphocytes:
lymphocytes seen in non-malignant
disorders, normal lymphocytes reacting to a stimulus (infection, etc.).
58
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS
I. Morphological Abnormalities of Leukocytes
II. Non-Malignant Leukocyte Disorders
III. Malignant Leukocyte Disorders
59
The segmentation of neutrophil is greater than 2-5 lobes.
Hypersegmented Neutrophil
60
Has a normal size 4-6 lobes in the nucleus found in the stage of recovery from infection.
Polycyte
61
Larger than normal neutrophil and has 5-10 nuclear lobes.
Macroplocyte
62
Seen in ___, the hypersegmented neutrophils are one of the hallmark of this condition. (Macroplocyte)
pernicious anemia
63
Nucleus becomes smaller and denser
Pynknocyte
64
Nuclear segments disappear, leaving several balls of dense chromatin
Pynknocyte
65
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
Also called as
Downey type cell or Turk Irritation cell.
66
Cell has a chromatin arrangement which gives the cell a “Moth-eaten” or
“Tunneled appearance” or “Swiss-cheese”
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
67
cell has prominent azurophilic
granules
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
68
seen in infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, viral pneumonia, and
herpes simplex infections.
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
69
sunny side up
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
70
atypical lymphocytes are generally
lymphocytes that had been activated to respond to a viral infection, bacterial or
parasitic infection.
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
71
Myeloblast that is characterized by having a nucleus with deep indentions
often suggesting lobulation
Rieder cell
72
Rieder cell are Seen in ____
acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
73
The nucleus nitong ating ___ is widely and deeply indented, mayroon po silang
lobulations, parang flower.
rieder cell
74
Cell with holes or vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Vacuolated cell
75
Signs of degeneration in severe infections, chemical poisoning and leukemia.
Vacuolated cell
76
Vacuolated cell , what causes vacuolation?
exposure to bacterial or viral antigen
77
Net-like nucleus from a ruptured white cell specially a PMN (Polymorphonuclear
neutrophils).
Basket cell or Smudge cell
78
Basket cell or Smudge cell are seen in
Seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
79
Lupus Erythematosus Cell (LE Cells) is also known as
Hargraves
80
PMN which had engulfed the nuclear material of another PMN or a lymphocyte
Lupus Erythematosus Cell (LE Cells)
81
LE cells has two (2) nuclei:
a. Nucleus of phagocyte
b. Ingested Nucleus
82
the __ of LE cell is flattened in periphery.
Nucleus of phagocyte
83
the __ of LE cell is absent and replaced by a purplish homogenous round
mass.
Ingested Nucleus
84
____ that has phagocytized the denatured nuclear material of another cell
Neutrophil or either macrophage
85
Monocyte with an engulfed nucleus usually of a lymphocyte or maybe the whole
lymphocyte itself.
Tart cell
86
Exhibits nucleophagocytosis.
Tart cell
87
Lymphocyte with hair like cytoplasmic projection surrounding the nucleus
Hairy cell
88
Seen in hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell
89
Rough lymph cell with nucleus that is grooved or convulated
Sezary cell
90
Sezary cell
Seen in ___
Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides.
91
Linear or spindle-shaped red-purple inclusions in myeloblasts and monoblasts
Auer Bodies/Rods
92
auer bodies or rods are Derivatives of ___
azurophilic granules
93
_____ are cytoplasmic inclusion
which result from abnormal fusion of primary azurophilic granules.
Auer rods/bodies
94
Caused by unusual development of lysozomes.
Auer Bodies/Rods
95
auer bodies is Always classified as __
pathological
96
Red staining needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of either myeloblast or
monoblast
Auer Bodies/Rods
97
Dark blue to purple cytoplasmic granules in the metamyelocyte, band or in
neutrophil stage.
Toxic granules
98
Characteristics of bacterial infections and are frequently seen in aplastic anemia
and also in myelosclerosis
Toxic granules
99
Small round or oval bodies up to 2-3 um.
Dohle-Amato Bodie
100
Stain blue-gray usually seen in the periphery of the cytoplasm of neutrophils.
Dohle-Amato Bodie
101
Remnants of free ribosomes from an earlier stage of development.
Dohle-Amato Bodie
102
Mostly seen in bacterial infection, severe burns, exposure to cytotoxic agents
and complicated pregnancies
Dohle-Amato Bodie
103
Found in the cytoplasm of multiple myeloma and plasma cells after therapy with
amidine drug
Snapper-Scheid Bodies
104
Occurs in many time of chronic inflammation and intra-cyclic spirical shape.
Snapper-Scheid Bodies
105
Gamma globulins bodies in the cytoplasm of plasma cells and inflamed
tissue.
Russell or Fuch’s Bodies
106
Bodies which gave a grape or berry or morula cell appearance.
russell or Fuch’s Bodies
107
Occurs in many type of chronic inflammation.
Intra-cyclic spirical shape. A grape-like structure.
russell or Fuch’s Bodies
108
2 Groups of Leukocyte Disorders
1. Non-Neoplastic Disorders
2. Neoplastic and Related Disorders
109
Disorders of NUCLEUS
. Hypersegmented
Neutrophil
defect and condition
Abnormal DNA synthesis
Megaloblastic anemia
110
Disorders of NUCLEUS
. Pelger-Huet Anomaly
defect and condition
Decreased segmentation
in neutrophil
“pince-nez appearance”
True PHA or Congenital
There’s something
wrong with the mutation
in the Lamin B.
111
a receptor is an
inner nuclear membrane
Its major role is that it plays
a role in leukocyte nuclear shape
change that occurs during
the normal maturation.
Lamin B
112
_Pelger-Huet Anomaly Known as
True or Congenital
113
in pelgert huet anomaly
___ WBC lineage is
affected.
All
114
Parang may
eyeglasses or
dumbbell kasi
kulang sa
segmentation.
Pelger-Huet
Anomaly
115
Pseudo-Pelger Huet Anomaly known as
acquired
116
wbc lineage affected by Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly
Only neutrophil is
affected.
117
Has less dense
nuclei with
hypogranular
cytoplasm
Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly
118
causes of Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly
Or Acquired
Only neutrophil is
affected.
Has less dense
nuclei with
Burns
Drug reaction
Infections
MDS
CML
Acute leukemia
Chemotherapy
119
Clinically
significant
acquired
phenomena
Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly
120
Accumulation of degraded
mucopolysaccharides
Alder Reily Anomaly
121
Associated Conditions for Alder Reily
Anomaly
Hunter’s
Syndrome
Hurler’s
Syndrome
122
type of autosomal of Alder Reily
Anomaly
Autosomal recessive
123
Has large
peroxidase
lysosomes
inclusions that are
deficient in
enzymes for
phagocytosis
Chediak
Higashi
Syndrome
124
condition related to Chediak
Higashi
Syndrome
Albinism
125
type of autosomal of chediak higashi
Increase
susceptibility to
infection
Have leukocyte
dysfunction
Bleeding due to
abnormal
granules in
platelet.
126
Dohle bodies,
thrombocytopenia,
giant platelets and
leukopenia
May
Hegglin
Anomaly
127
type of autosomal of May
Hegglin
Anomaly
Autosomal
dominant
128
another Clinically
significant
acquired
phenomena
May
Hegglin
Anomaly
129
Caused by the
mutation in the
MYH9 gene
May
Hegglin
Anomaly
130
Vacuolization of
leukocytes
Jordan’s
Anomaly
131
Peroxidase
depletion in PMN
and monocytes
Alius
Grignashi
Anomaly
132
type of autosomal of Alius
Grignashi
Anomaly
Autosomal
recessive
133
Random movement of
phagocytes is normal, but
directional motility is
impaired.
Job’s
Syndrome
134
Hyperimmunogl obulin E
Cells respond slowly to
chemotactic factors
Job’s
Syndrome
135
Both random and directed
movement of cells are
defective.
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
136
Recurrent
mucous
membrane
infections
Lazy
Leukocyte
Syndrome
137
Intracellular
killing mechanism
of granulocyte is
defective
Chronic
Granulomat
ous Disease
138
disease usually
seen in childhood
Chronic
Granulomat
ous Disease
139
Phagocytes ingest but can’t
kill catalase +
Organisms
because of lack
of appropriate
respiratory burst
x-linked
Chronic
Granulomatous Diseas
140
Asymptomatic
carriers have
half the normal
C3 activity
(heterozygous)
Congenital C3
Deficiency
141
Results in
repeated
infections
Congenital C3
Deficiency
142
Rare autosomal
recessive
trait
Congenital C3
Deficiency
143
Homozygous
carriers fail to
opsonize
bacteria
Congenital C3
Deficiency
144
MPO is decreased
or absent in PMN
and monocytes
Myeloperoxidase
Deficiency
145
without MPO,
bacterial killing is
slowed
146
deficiency of
glucocerebrosidaseenzyme
Gaucher’s
Disease
147
(responsible for
glycolipid
metabolism
glucocerebrosidaseenzyme
148
Gaucher’s
Disease affects the
bone marrow,
spleen and
liver
149
adult type
infancy type
childhood type
Gaucher’s
Disease
150
macrophages are with
wrinkled looking cytoplasm
and with small eccentric nucleus
Gaucher’s
Disease
151
Type I
Gaucher’s
Disease
non-neuronopathic
152
Type II Gaucher’s
Disease
acute
neuronopathic
153
Type III Gaucher’s
Disease
sub-acute
neuronopathic
154
deficiency of
sphingomyelinase
Niemann-Pick
Disease
155
Abnormal accumulation
of sphingomyeli n and
cholesterol in body cells
Niemann-Pick
Disease
156
macrophage with
cholesterol
overload due to
increase in foam
cells
Schuller
Christian
Disease
157
condition Schuller
Christian Disease is associated to
hyperlipidemia
158
Deficiency in
hexosaminidase A
Tay-Sachs Disease
159
Autosomal
recessive
Vacuolated
lymphocytes
Tay-Sachs
Disease
160
Reduced Ig
production in
blood
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
161
Bruton
Agammaglobulinemia
disease associated to
B-cell deficiency
162
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
inherited
infantile sex-
linked
usually
affects males
163
Reduced
production of Ig
due to overactivity
of T8cells
Common Variable
Hypogammaglobulinemia
164
Nezelof’s Syndrome
Underdevelopment
of the thymus
165
Congenital
immunodeficiency
Nezelof’s
Syndrome
166
deletion of a small
piece of
chromosome 22
Di George’s
Syndrome
167
T-cell
deficiency
Di George’s
Syndrome
Nezelof’s
Syndrome
168
B-cell
deficiency
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
169
Loss of both T and B cells
function
Swiss-Type Aggamaglobulinemia
170
Failure of T-cell
response
Only IgA and IgG
are present; IgM
is absent
Wiscott-Aldrich
Syndrome
171
Decreased T
cellproduction
Ataxia Telangiectasia
172
Rare childhood
disease
Affects the brain
and other parts
of the body
Ataxia
Telangiectasia
173
Characterized
as having
progressive
loss of
muscular
coordination
Ataxia
Telangiectasia
174
