Questions (Chapter 5-6) Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
- Operant behavior is behavior influenced by antecedent and ___________ events.
A
Consequence
2
Q
- An antecedent is an observable stimulus that is present ___________ the behavior occurs.
A
Before
3
Q
- A ________ is an observable stimulus change that happens after behavior occurs.
A
Consequence
4
Q
Indicate if Italicized Text is an Antecedent or a Consequence of Behavior
4. Cloe (TAKES A BITE OF HER BURRITO). It tastes so good!
A
Consequence
5
Q
- Liam has an itchy ear. He (STICKS HIS FINGER IN AND GIVES IT A GOOD SCRATCH).
A
Antecedent
6
Q
Indicate if Italicized Text is an Antecedent or a Consequence of Behavior
6. Madeleine (GETS UP) when her alarm goes off.
A
Antecedent
7
Q
- Jasmine (PRESSES THE PLAY BUTTON) on her podcast app. The podcast begins to play.
A
Consequence
8
Q
Contingent relation (IF → THEN) between response and consequence:
1. You move a pen horizontally across a page (____________) and a horizontal line appears on the page (_______________).
A
response
consequence
9
Q
Contingent relation (IF → THEN) between response and consequence:
2. The alarm stops (_______________) when you press the snooze button (__________).
A
consequence
response
10
Q
Contingent relation (IF → THEN) between response and consequence:
3. You study the flashcards that you made for this class (____________) and you get a better grade on the exam (______________________).
A
response
consequence
11
Q
Contingent relation (IF → THEN) between response and consequence:
4. The cucumber is halved (__________________) when you apply pressure to the knife (_____________).
A
consequence
response
12
Q
Contingent relation (IF → THEN) between response and consequence:
5. You receive a paycheck (________________) because you worked last month (_______________).
A
consequence
response
13
Q
Noncontingent relation between response and consequence:
6. You are sitting outside talking to a friend (______________) and a fly land on your chair (____________________).
A
response
consequence
14
Q
Noncontingent relation between response and consequence:
7. While visiting the Washington Monument, you point up (______________) and your phone starts to ring (___________________).
A
response
consequence
15
Q
Noncontingent relation between response and consequence:
8. Just as you look out the window (_______________), it starts to rain (_________________).
A
response
consequence
16
Q
Noncontingent relation between response and consequence:
9. A booger falls out of your nose and onto your shirt (___________________) just after you begin studying (_______________).
A
consequence
response
17
Q
Noncontingent relation between response and consequence:
10. You hear a plane flying overhead (___________________) after you turn on the TV (__________________).
A
consequence
response
18
Q
- You post a picture of your trip to the museum on your favorite social media platform _________________ (response or consequence). Later that day you see that the picture was “liked” ________________ (response or consequence).The relation between response and consequence is ______________________ (contingent/noncontingent).
A
response
consequence
contingent
19
Q
- Your mouth feels cleaner _________________(response or consequence) after you brush your teeth _________________ (response or consequence).The relation between response and consequence is ______________________ (contingent/noncontingent).
A
consequence
response
contingent
20
Q
- After you sit down in the movie theater _________________ (response or consequence) the movie starts ________________ (response or consequence).The relation between response and consequence is ______________________ (contingent/noncontingent).
A
response
consequence
noncontingent
21
Q
- James established a contingent relation between sitting on command and dog treats. James thinks that the dog treats will function as a __________, but until he can demonstrate that they increase the probability of sitting on command, James can only describe them as ____________.
A
Reinforcer
Rewards
22
Q
- A consequence that increases operant behavior above its baseline level is a ______________.
A
Reinforcer
23
Q
- The process by which a reinforcer increases operant behavior above its baseline level is referred to as __________________.
A
Reinforcement
24
Q
- If a consequence occurs independent of behavior, there is no response-consequence contingency. We refer to such events as __________________ consequences.
A
Noncontingent
25
1. The first scientist to demonstrate that reinforcers influence behavior was ___________.
Thorndike
26
2. If a stimulus change happens after behavior, it is called a(n) ________________.
Consequence
27
3. If a stimulus change happens before behavior, it is called a(n) _______________.
Antecedent
28
4. Antecedents cannot be classified as reinforcers because reinforcers happen _______________ behavior.
After
29
5. If a consequence increases behavior above its baseline level, we call it a __________________.
Reinforcer
30
1. The manager of the appliance store noticed that Karl was selling only about $20,000 worth of appliances per month. To improve Karl’s sales, the manager told Karl that she would give him a bonus: 0.3% of all monthly sales exceeding $30,000. Where Karl had been selling $20,000 worth of appliances per month before the bonus, Karl now sells $50,000 worth of appliances each month (earning a $60 bonus for himself). The manager did such a good job that she was promoted to a larger store. The new manager thought the bonus was a waste of company resources, so he discontinued them. Karl’s sales went back down to about $20,000 per month.
What is the stimulus change: ________________
When did the stimulus change happen: ____________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________
The Bonus
Karl gets the bonus at the end of the month after he sells more than $30,000 in appliances.
Yes
Selling goes back down to the baseline (no-reinforcer) level.
Yes
31
2. Alex followed the recipe when baking a birthday cake. The cake came out of the oven looking and smelling great! Alex kept the recipe and used it every time he needed a cake. When Alex moved to New Zealand, he found that the recipe no longer worked – the cake did not taste very good. He never understood why, but he stopped following the recipe after he moved to New Zealand.
What is the stimulus change: ________________
When did the stimulus change happen: _________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________ (yes/no)
Nice looking (and smelling) cake
Pleasant cake happened after the recipe was used.
Yes
Following the recipe goes back down to the baseline (no-reinforcer) level.
Yes
32
3. Terry creates a new Twitter hashtag but no one posts anything to it. Terry keeps creating hashtags. Still, no one ever reacts to his posts.
What is the stimulus change: _________________
When did the stimulus change happen: _________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________ (yes/no)
No stimulus change is mentioned
(N/A)
(N/A)
(N/A)
(No)
33
4. On a whim, Ashley bought a lottery ticket and won $250. She took all of her friends out for a big meal at a nice restaurant. She really had a great time. Ashley never bought another lottery ticket.
What is the stimulus change: _______________
When did the stimulus change: _________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________ (yes/no)
Winning $250
After behavior
No
N/A (No mention of turning the consequence OFF)
No
34
5. This next story is a little tricky because the no-reinforcer baseline happens second, instead of first. We’ve added a graph to help you visualize what the scenario describes. Jack turned the faucet handle to the left and water came out. On an average day, Jack used the faucet about 6 times. In January, Jack forgot to pay his water bill and the city turned off his water. He stopped using his faucet until he remembered to pay his bill and his water was turned back on. After that, he turned the faucet about 6 times per day.
What is the stimulus change: ______________
When did the stimulus change happen _________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________ (yes/no)
(Water comes out of the faucet)
After behavior
Yes
(Frequency of turning the faucet goes down to a baseline (no-reinforcer) level)
Yes
35
6. Carla presses the button on the pedometer that her partner bought for her. When she presses the button, she can see lots of information about how much she is exercising and how many calories she is burning. Carla presses the button at least 10 times a day. Last weekend, Carla forgot to charge the battery in her pedometer, so when she pressed the button, she got no information about her exercise. She didn’t press the button again until she got back to work and recharged the battery. After the battery was charged, she pressed the button on the pedometer about 10 times a day.
What is the stimulus change: ______________
When did the stimulus change happen _________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________ (yes/no)
(Information provided by the pedometer)
After behavior
Yes
(When the stimulus change was turned OFF (Dead Battery) behavior decreased)
Yes
36
8. Dave ordered the massive “Big Bill” hamburger sold by his local pub. The waitress brought the burger and it was delicious! Every bite was a real treat – the perfect char on the burger, the ripe tomatoes and lettuce, the melted cheese, the fresh-baked bun – wow! Dave returned the next week and ordered another Big Bill but the waitress told him they took it off the menu. Dave was a little upset but then ordered the nachos. They were good too. Dave returns to the pub once a week but doesn’t order the Big Bill burger for 3 weeks, until he sees another customer eating a Big Bill. When his waitress arrives he says, “Yee Ha! I’ll have a Big Bill!” The waitress thinks Dave is a little strange, but she serves him his burger. Dave continues to order the burger each time he visits the pub.
What is the stimulus change: ______________
When did the stimulus change happen _________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________ (yes/no)
(The waitress brought the delicious burger)
After behavior
Yes
(No-reinforcer baseline level occurred when they took the Big Bill burger off the menu and Dave stopped ordering it. No-reinforcer baseline level of ordering is zero.)
Yes
37
9. About 2 years ago, Jennifer went hiking outside her home town but found it incredibly boring – she did not see a single animal; walking and looking at a boring trail was not a lot of fun. Then Jennifer moved to Alaska and tried hiking again. In Alaska, she saw a lot of wildlife she had never seen before (two eagles, a moose, and even a bear). Jennifer became an avid hiker after moving to Alaska. Two months ago, Jennifer moved back to her home town. She has not been hiking since.
What is the stimulus change: ______________
When did the stimulus change happen _________ (before/after behavior)
Does this consequence increase the behavior of interest above its baseline level: _________ (yes/no)
What happens when this consequence is turned OFF?
Is it a reinforcer: _________ (yes/no)
(Seeing Wildlife)
After behavior
Yes
When the availability of wildlife was turned OFF her behavior decreased.
Yes
38
Indicate if the consequence is a stimulus presentation, a stimulus removal/reduction, or involves the prevention of a stimulus change. Consequence functions as a reinforcer, indicate if it is a positive reinforcer (SR+), a negative reinforcer (escape) (SRe-) or a negative reinforcer (avoidance) (SRa-).
39
1. Armand turned off his car and the engine stopped running. Assuming that this stimulus ___________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
removal/reduction
SRE−
40
2. The last time Jenna went skiing on a sunny day, she got a terrible sunburn on her face. Today she is skiing and sees that the sun is shining brightly. Jenna applies sunscreen so that she will not get a sunburn. Assuming this stimulus _________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
prevention
SRA−
41
3. Catherine takes a drive through a scenic park. She is delighted with the sights of trees, a lake, and an elk. Assuming this stimulus ____________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
presentation
SR+
42
4. Terrence notices that his stomach is upset, so he takes an antacid. About 10 minutes later, he notices that his stomach pain is almost gone. Assuming this stimulus ___________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
removal/reduction
SRE−
43
5. Jonathan’s boss yells at him every time he sees him. It doesn’t matter what Jonathan is doing, his boss will find something to yell at him about. Jonathan has gotten good at identifying the sound of his boss’ footsteps. Now when he hears his boss approaching, he hides under his desk. Jonathan can still hear the footsteps under there, but hiding allows him to avoid getting yelled at. Assuming this stimulus ___________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
prevention
SRA−
44
6. Greg’s dad cut his hair when he was upset with Greg. When Greg looks at himself in the mirror, he is crushed. When Greg puts on a hat the awful haircut is hidden. Assuming this stimulus ___________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
removal/reduction
SRE−
45
7. Alyssa’s husband is snoring again. She rolls him over and he stops. Assuming this stimulus ___________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
removal/reduction
SRE−
46
8. Nevada was waiting at the bus stop on a rainy day. A large puddle of water had accumulated in the gutter in front of the bench. Nevada elected to stand to the side of the bench so that she would not get splashed when the bus arrived. Assuming this stimulus ___________________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
prevention
SRA−
47
9. Becky sent a picture of her dog to @dog_rates and got a score of 12 out of 10. Assuming this stimulus _________ (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
presentation
SR+
48
10. The Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team got its name in 1913 because pedestrians in Brooklyn (where the team was located back then) were good at dodging streetcars as they sped through the urban streets. Assuming that not being hit by a streetcar (presentation, removal/reduction, or prevention) functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a _____________ (SR+, SRE−, or SRA−).
prevention
SRA−
49
1. Three reasons were provided for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement. The first reason, heuristics, was that it is useful to remember there are three ways in which reinforcement can be arranged: ________, __________, and _________.
SR+
SRE−
SRA−
50
2. The second reason for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement is that the value of avoiding a loss (SRA−) appears to be greater than the value of acquiring a gain (SR+). Behavioral economists call this __________ ____________________.
Loss Aversion
51
3. The third reason for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement is that individuals tend to prefer ___________ reinforcement contingencies over _____________ reinforcement contingencies.
Positive
Negative
52
4. Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) uses ____________ reinforcement to increase workplace performances by an average of 69%.
Positive
53
5. Positively reinforcing low-probability behaviors, like exercise, does not reduce ______________ motivation. Instead, it often allows individuals to contact automatic reinforcers (e.g., I feel and look better now that I have been exercising) that they would otherwise not experience.
Intrinsic
54
6. If creativity is important, include this dimension of behavior in your IF → THEN reinforcement __________________.
Contingency
55
7. If you want to avoid choking under pressure, the easiest solution is to avoid arranging _____________ reinforcers for the skillful behavior.
Large
56
8. Anytime you arrange a reinforcement contingency, there is a chance that individuals will _________. Monitoring unethical behavior can reduce the chances that it will occur.
Cheat
57
1. According to the ____________ theory of reinforcement, each obtained reinforcer increases the strength of the operant behavior.
Response-Strengthening
58
2. According to the _____________ theory of reinforcement, reinforcers don’t strengthen behavior, they provide information about where and when reinforcers may be obtained.
Information
