Vocabulary (Chapter 1-2)

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

An individual living organism’s activity, public or private, which may be influenced by external or internal stimulation.

Question 2

Response

Answer 2

Single Instance of Behavior

Question 3

Functional Variable

Answer 3

Variable that when changed reliably and systematically influences behavior.

Question 4

Nature

Answer 4

Biological variables such as evolutionary past of species and unique genome of individual.

Question 5

Innate

Answer 5

Behaviors are product of evolutionary past of species.
Ex: Rooting and Suckling

Question 6

Nurture

Answer 6

Behavioral determinants include all of the events experienced during an individual’s life.

Question 7

Environmental Events

Answer 7

Influence behavior. Environmental (all of the things you experience through your senses)

Question 8

Behavioral Epigenetics

Answer 8

Examines how nurture shapes nature. When an environmental event influences gene regulation (specific genes are turned on or off) it influences growth of brain neurons activity of these neurons and behavior of individual.

Question 9

Applied Behavior Analysts

Answer 9

Focus on socially significant behavior in non-laboratory settings. May conduct experiments exploring effective ways to teach reading skills.

Question 10

Public Behavior

Answer 10

behavior that’s either observable by other organisms

Question 11

Private Behavior

Answer 11

behavior that’s either observable by just that organism (Ex: Thinking)

Question 12

Overt

Answer 12

Others observe.

Question 13

Covert

Answer 13

Others cannot observe.

Question 14

External Stimulus

Answer 14

Outside the organism

Question 15

Internal Stimulus

Answer 15

Inside the organism

Question 16

Determinism

Answer 16

Our biological and environmental history influencing our present and future behaviors.

Question 17

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 17

someone attributes their own behavior to external causes and other’s behavior to internal causes

Question 18

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Answer 18

Primarily concerned with conducting basic research to understand the fundamental principles that govern behavior. Establish functional relationships between behavior and environmental variables to grasp better the mechanisms governing behavior.

Question 19

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Answer 19

Focused on the application of behavior principles to address specific behavioral issues and improve socially significant behaviors.

Question 20

Scientific Method

Answer 20

Behavior analysis is quantitative. Behavior is specific and measurable. Replicate findings across settings, across organisms, within a single participant, and systematic changes to methodology.

Question 21

Operational Definition

Answer 21

What behavior looks like and doesn’t look like.

Question 22

Empirical Evidence

Answer 22

Observe an effect to accept an intervention/concept/phenomenon as valid.

Question 23

Determinants of Behavior

Answer 23

Nature (Evolutionary Past, Genome of Individual)
Nurture (All events one experiences in lifetime. Behavior analysts study environmental events.)

Question 24

Dependent Variable

Answer 24

Behavior

Question 25

Functional Variable

Answer 25

Biological and Environmental

Question 26

Independent Variable

Answer 26

Functional Variable manipulated

Question 27

Correlation vs Causation

Answer 27

Correlation (Variables are related) (Positive (Trend is the same)) (Negative (Trend is different))

Question 28

Self-Report

Answer 28

Ask the individual about their behavior.

Question 29

Direct Observation

Answer 29

Behavior is observed and recorded.

Question 30

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

Answer 30

(Independent observers collect data on behavior at same time) (We aim to have IOA at 90% or greater)

Question 31

Dimensions in Measuring Behavior Frequency Latency Duration Magnitude

Answer 31

Frequency (How often behavior occurs) Latency (Interval of time between the opportunity to respond and the response) Duration (Interval of time between start and end of behavior) Magnitude (Force or intensity of behavior)

Question 32

Direct Observational Methods * Outcome Recording * Event recording * Interval recording * Duration recording

Answer 32

* Outcome Recording: Product of behavior is recorded. * Event recording: Each instance of behavior is recorded the moment it occurs. * Interval recording: Whether behavior occurred is scored within repeated intervals of time. * Latency or duration of target behavior

Question 33

Interval Recording Methods * Partial Interval Recording * Whole Interval Recording * Momentary time sample

Answer 33

* Partial Interval Recording (occurs at any point during the interval) * Whole interval recording (occur for a whole interval) * Momentary time sample (occurs at a specific time within an interval)

Question 34

Behavior Analysis

Answer 34

Two Goals: (1) accurately predict behavior and (2) discover functional variables that may be used to positively influence behavior

Question 35

Direct Observation

Answer 35

Behavior is recorded as behavior occurs or a lasting product of the behavior is recorded at a later time. Ex: Fitness Tracker

Question 36

Behavioral Definition

Answer 36

Precise specification of the topography of target behavior allowing observers to reliably identify instances and non-instances.

Question 37

Social Validity

Answer 37

Consumer of the intervention or an expert in the field indicates that the behavioral definition accurately reflects the behavior of interest.

Question 38

Falsifiability

Answer 38

Must be possible to conceive of evidence that would prove the claim false.

Question 39

undeclared claim

Answer 39

a statement that is so broad or vague that it lacks any propositional content.

Question 40

nonfalsifiable statements

Answer 40

involves the use of the multiple out an inexhaustible series of excuses intended to explain away the evidence that would seem to falsify the claim.

Question 41

Logic

Answer 41

Any argument offered as evidence in support of any claim must be sound.

Question 42

Comprehensiveness

Answer 42

Evidence offered in support of any claim must be exhaustive.

Question 43

Honesty

Answer 43

Evidence offered in support of any claim must be evaluated without self-deception.

Question 44

Replicability

Answer 44

evidence for any claim is based upon an experimental result or evidence offered in support of any claim could logically be explained as coincidental then necessary for evidence to be repeated after many trials.

Question 45

Sufficiency

Answer 45

Evidence offered in support of any claim must be adequate to establish the truth of that claim.

Question 46

3 Components of Behavioral Experiments 1. 2. 3.

Answer 46

The dependent variable is behavior Falsifiable hypothesis The independent variable is manipulated