Questions (Chapter 1-2)

Question 1

• Behavior is something that ____________ living organisms do.

Answer 1

Individual

Question 2

________ is defined as an individual living organism’s activity, public or _________, which may be influenced by external or ______________ stimulation.

Answer 2

Behavior
Private
Internal

Question 3

A ____________________ is something you see, hear, smell, taste, or feel. These events can occur outside or inside your body.

Answer 3

Stimulus

Question 4

• Buying a car is an instance of ____________ (public/private) behavior.

Answer 4

public

Question 5

• Changing your clothes is an instance of _____________ (public/private) behavior.

Answer 5

public

Question 6

• Thinking that you should not have bought that car because now you don’t have enough money for new clothes is an instance of _____________(public/private) behavior.

Answer 6

private

Question 7

• The first goal of behavior analysis is to (__________ ___________) behavior.

Answer 7

accurately predict

Question 8

• The second goal of behavior analysis is to discover (__________) variables that may be used to (_____________ ____________) behavior.

Answer 8

functional
positively influence

Question 9

• Accurately predicting behavior is important because it allows ____________ behavior.

Answer 9

adaptive

Question 10

The first assumption of behavior analysis is that behavior is ________________

Answer 10

determined

Question 11

When we say, “behavior is determined” we mean that behavior has a (_________) or multiple (_________)

Answer 11

cause
causes

Question 12

In our daily lives, we often explain behavior by pointing to private behaviors. Behavior analysts refer to these as (______________) explanations of behavior.

Answer 12

mentalistic

Question 13

The second assumption of behavior analysis is that the (___________ ___________) is a valid way to discover determinants of behavior.

Answer 13

scientific method

Question 14

Within science, there are two meanings of the word ______________. The first recognizes that humans are susceptible to biases that cloud how we evaluate evidence that supports and refutes our favorite theories.

Answer 14

objective

Question 15

The second meaning of the word ___________ recognizes that our current understanding of behavior is tentative and will be changed in the future as new findings support an alternative viewpoint that better allows us to predict and positively influence behavior.

Answer 15

objective

Question 16

____________ evidence for a scientific finding is either directly observable or observable with the aid of an unbiased measurement device.

Answer 16

Empirical

Question 17

When a scientist makes a prediction about behavior, the prediction is precise enough that it could be shown to be incorrect. These are referred to as _______________ predictions.

Answer 17

falsifiable

Question 18

When scientists discover something, it is important that their research be repeated to see if the finding can be obtained again. This repetition of experiments to evaluate if they produced reliable results is called _____________.

Answer 18

replication

Question 19

Over 100 years of research has demonstrated that individual behavior is influenced by _______________ and ____________.

Answer 19

nurture and nature

Question 20

Those working in the __________________ analysis of behavior, most often conduct their research in laboratory settings, where nuisance variables will not get in the way of identifying determinants of behavior.

Answer 20

experimental

Question 21

Behavior analysts who conduct scientific research in clinical settings are called ______________ behavior analysts.

Answer 21

applied

Question 22

Individuals who deliver behavioral services that are based on the research of laboratory and applied behavior analysts are employed in the field of behavioral ______________ ____________________.

Answer 22

service delivery

Question 23

_______________ are things that are not the same each time.

Answer 23

Variables

Question 24

When a functional variable is changed, it systematically influences _____________.

Answer 24

behavior

Question 25

_____________ does not imply causation.

Answer 25

Correlation

Question 26

A publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way is the definition of an _______________ ______________.

Answer 26

independent variable

Question 27

The three components of a behavioral experiment are (1) the ___________ variable is behavior, (2) the experiment is designed to evaluate a ______________ hypothesis, and (3) this hypothesis is evaluated by manipulating the _______________ variable.

Answer 27

dependent falsifiable independent

Question 28

In behavior analysis, the dependent variable is always ______________.

Answer 28

behavior

Question 29

Behavior analysts approach the use of ________-___________ measures with caution.

Answer 29

self-reports

Question 30

Two potential problems with self-reports are that (i) people do not always tell the ___________, particularly when doing so would make them look bad, and (ii) people often cannot ___________ their own behavior very well.

Answer 30

truth recall

Question 31

The alternative to self-reports is __________ ______________ of behavior. Here, behavioral is recorded as the behavior occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior is measured at a later time.

Answer 31

direct observation

Question 32

A behavioral ____________ provides a very specific description of the target behavior.

Answer 32

definition

Question 33

The behavior analyst asked the patient’s parents and physician to approve the behavioral definition before the experiment began. If both stakeholders approve the definition, it has ___________ ____________. If the intervention positively influences this behavior, the parents and physician will be pleased with the outcome.

Answer 33

social validity

Question 34

IOA stands for ______________ agreement.

Answer 34

interobserver

Question 35

IOA is defined as the extent to which two _______________ observers’ data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time.

Answer 35

independent

Question 36

If IOA is less than _____, then the observers will need further training, or the behavioral definition will need to be refined.

Answer 36

90%

Question 37

IOA does not assess the _____________ of the data collected; nor does it assess its reliability. Instead, high IOA enhances the _______________ of the data.

Answer 37

accuracy believability

Question 38

_____________ occurs when people behave differently because they know they are being observed.

Answer 38

Reactivity

Question 39

When the target behavior leaves behind a distinct, observable, and lasting product, then a cost-efficient way to measure behavior is to use _______________ recording.

Answer 39

outcome

Question 40

Two observers are independently recording Travis’ behavior. Each time the observers observe Travis engage in the target behavior they increment a counter. The observers are using __________ recording to directly observe Travis’ behavior.

Answer 40

event

Question 41

The restaurant manager counted the number of salt shakers that Jamie filled 20 minutes ago, before she went home for the night. The manager is using ___________ recording to directly observe Jamie’s behavior.

Answer 41

outcome

Question 42

Finn wants to record his exercising behavior. He could measure the duration of his exercising sessions, but he knows that sometimes his sessions are longer because he takes a lot of breaks and chats with the employees at the gym. Instead, he decides to simply count the number of times he lifts the weights (i.e., the number of “reps”). Finn has decided to use _________ recording.

Answer 42

event

Question 43

When interested in the frequency of a behavior that leaves behind no distinct, observable, and lasting product, you will use ________ recording if the behavior takes about the same duration each time (like a weight-lifting rep), and either ___________-interval or __________-interval recording if the duration of the behavior varies from instance to instance.

Answer 43

event partial whole

Question 44

If you are estimating how often behavior occurs by recording whether or not it occurs at any time in each of a series of contiguous intervals, then you are using

Answer 44

partial-interval recording

Question 45

When using partial-interval recording, how will you record this? a. Record three instances of behavior. b. Indicate that behavior occurred during the interval. c. Indicate that behavior did not occur throughout the interval.

Answer 45

Indicate that behavior occurred during the interval.

Question 46

If the direct observers agree about 27 of their recorded behaviors, but disagree about 3 of them, what is their IOA?

Answer 46

90% (Agreement)

Question 47

When the direct observers objectively record how long it takes to complete the behavior, they are using __________ recording.

Answer 47

duration