Questions (Chapter 3-4) Flashcards
(49 cards)
In ________________ experimental designs, the focus is on the behavior of the group, not the individual.
Group
In group experimental designs, inferential _______________ are used to decide if behavior changed when the independent variable was manipulated.
Statistics
In a _____________-____________ experimental design, the focus is on the behavior of the individual, not the group.
Single-Subject
When an experiment demonstrates that behavior changed because the independent variable was turned ON and OFF, that experiment has high ________________ ________________.
Internal Validity
If another variable changed when the independent variable was manipulated, that other variable could explain why behavior changed. That other variable if referred to as a ________________.
Confound
Good experiments are those that can rule out confounds. These experiments have high ______________ ______________.
Internal Validity
When confounds cannot be ruled out, the experiment has ____________ internal validity.
Low
In the _________________ design, behavior is compared between a baseline and a single intervention phase.
Comparison or A-B
Comparison designs are often referred to as quasi-experimental designs because they do not rule out _____________ by repeatedly demonstrating that the independent variable has a systematic effect on behavior.
Confounds
In the graph to the above, there is a systematic increasing _______________ in behavior during the baseline phase.
Trend
In the same graph, if the independent variable is not manipulated, our best prediction is that this ___________ trend will continue into the intervention phase.
Increasing
In a single-subject experimental design, it is always true that every individual will experience the _________________ and experimental (intervention) phases.
Baseline
In a single-subject experimental design, internal validity is assessed through ___________________. For example, if the independent variable systematically influences behavior every time it is turned ON and OFF, then the experiment has high internal validity.
Replication
The _________________-____________________ design is used either when it would be unethical to turn OFF the independent variable or when the independent variable is anticipated to produce a lasting (irreversible) effect.
Multiple-Baseline
Two of the single-subject experimental designs establish internal validity by turning ON and then OFF the independent variable. The first of these is the ____________ design. The other is the _______________________-______________________ design.
Reversal
Alternating-Treatments
In a _______________-______________ design, the effects of the independent variable may be replicated across behaviors, across situations, or across individuals.
Multiple-Baseline
- When behavior systematically changes as a result of past experiences, we call this ___________.
Learning
- Natural selection “programs” individuals with innate _____________ behaviors that help them survive in environments resembling those of their evolutionary ancestors.
Reflexive
- These innate reflexive behaviors are _____________ (elicited/evoked) by specific stimuli, such as loss of support under an infant’s head.
elicited
- ______________ is the term used to describe the gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations of the evocative stimulus. Elicited or evoked:
Habituation
- Johan walked into the room and noticed the lights were off. The darkness _______ the behavior of flipping the light switch on.
Evoked
- Dr. Smith tapped the patella tendon just below Ashley’s kneecap. This _________ a reflexive kneejerk response (Ashley’s leg kicked forward).
Elicited
- The baby pictured on the cover of Nirvana’s Nevermind album was placed in a swimming pool. This aquatic stimulus _________ the swimming reflex.
Elicited
- You will recall from Chapter 1 that the word “stimulus” refers to an environmental event that can be observed (seen, heard, smelled, etc.) by an individual. Thus, the color red is a ________________.
Stimulus
