Quiz 1 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
antigens
A
foreign object to host, initiate immune response
-usually protein, anytime new experience
-could be nonliving (pollen, dust)
-challenges immune system
2
Q
virus ex
A
rabies
3
Q
bacteria ex
A
lepto
4
Q
fungus ex
A
ringworm
5
Q
protozoa ex
A
single cell parasites (crypto, toxoplasmosis)
6
Q
parasites ex
A
tape worm, round worm, hook worm
7
Q
bacterial spores are
A
very resistant
8
Q
zoonotic disease
A
spread between species
-ex: mad cow, sore mouth, crypto, rabies
9
Q
animal getting sick depends on
A
nutrition
stress levels
how much immunity had
how transmissible disease is
10
Q
reservoir
A
natural habitat of causative agent, where disease originates
11
Q
carrier
A
living animal carrying disease to other animals
-shed organism that causes disease
12
Q
source
A
where disease is coming from, water/ food related
13
Q
latent carrier
A
may shed organisms intermittently in a cyclic manner
14
Q
transmissibility
A
ability of disease to spread to other susceptible animal
15
Q
clinical carrier
A
look sick and pass to others
16
Q
asymptomatic carrier
A
aren’t sick and pass to others
17
Q
direct contact transmission
A
involves direct physical contact to spread disease
within 3 ft
-venereal
-bite
-aerosol droplets
18
Q
vehicle/ indirect transmission
A
over 3 ft away
spread through inanimate object (fomite)
-hands, coveralls, boots, water tank
19
Q
common source transmisison
A
simultaneous exposure to a # of individuals to an infectious agent
transmission based on water supply, silage, hay
20
Q
airborne transmisison
A
spread by wind/ birds
spores, resistant microorganisms
21
Q
vector borne transmission
A
usually arthropod (flea, ticks)
flies (pinkeye, indirect), mosquito (heartworm, direct)
22
Q
aerosol
A
cough/ sneeze
can be direct or indirect
23
Q
sterilization
A
process of destroying microbes completely by chemical/ physical means
an absolute condition
24
Q
disinfection
A
destruction of most microorganisms
surgery table, chemical means on inanimate object
25
antisepsis
destruction of microbes on the skin, form of disinfection
26
sanitation
destruction of bacterial #'s to safe level
27
physical agents
steam under pressure is more efficient process to eliminate microbes
-121 degrees C at 15#/in squared for 15 minutes
28
vaccination
injection of vaccine for the purpose of inducing immunity
-antigen vs antibody
29
virulence
the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism
how much disease it can produce
30
antibodies
consist of special proteins, the immunoglobulins, whose production is stimulated by the presence of a specific antigen
function is to neutralize the antigens by combining with them
31
how long it takes body to produce enough antibodies to affect course of infection
2 weeks
32
anamnestic response
immunological memory of antigen persists forever
antibody response may occur in 1-2 days and in increase quantity
memory of antigen and secondary response account for great value of vaccination procedures
33
ideal vaccine properties/ qualities
-produce an immune response at least as good as or better than recovery of natural infection
-stable and keeps well
-easy to administer
-produce no reactions at inoculation site
-protect high proportion of vaccinated animals
-unaffected by presence of maternal antibodies
-compatible with other vaccines
-single dosed, life-long protection
-not spread to other animals
-fast acting immunity
-inexpensive
34
ideal vaccine examples
polio
measels
mumps
tetanus (10 year booster)
35
T-lymphocytes
responsible for cell-mediated immunity
primary importance is to mount a fast response to vaccination booster or to exposure to a disease agent
important in regards to viruses, neoplastic cells, and physiologic integrity of the body
36
B- lymphocytes
associated with antibody formation
primary importance is that it is responsible for humoral immunity, which is chiefly effective in dealing with bacteria, large parasites, and toxins
-second level of defense
37
live vaccination
giving animal the disease
advantage: excellent protection
disadvantage: may kill susceptible animal, produce carriers, spread to unprotected animals, danger to veterinarians and handlers
ex: pseudorabies, hog cholora vacc
38
modified live vaccination
weakened through prolonged tissue culturing, this chemically alters antigen so it doesn't cause physical disease
advantage: good immunity that is long lasting, fast immunity
disadvantage: may produce increased side effects, mutant reversion
still a live vaccine
39
killed vaccine
administering whole, dead organisms that stimulate immunity
advantages: safe, few side effects
disadvantages: lower effectiveness, short term protection
used in pregnant animals
40
infectious
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body tissue resulting in injury, disease, etc
change in lifestyle/eating/energy
41
contagious
disease that can be transmitted form one animal to another
42
animal immune system and response depends on
-possession of correct genetic information for recognizing and responding to an antigen
-balanced participation of all components of the system
-effective regulatory mechanisms for controlling the response. external factors: drugs, nutrition, age etc
43
immunity
ability of animal to resist infections/ challenges
not absolute, varying degrees
44
natural immunity
genetically determined resistance present at birth
natural barriers-> skin, secretions, and stomach acid
45
acquired immunity
provided by actions of certain classes of WBC (lymphocytes)
occurs post exposure (bacteria, virus, parasites)
46
stimulation of immunity depends on
degree of encounter
47
small dose antigen
passive immunity
keeps in check while active immunity builds
48
large overwhelming dose of antigen
clinical disease
49
factors that inhibit immune function
temperature-decrease cholostral consumption and cold inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages
behavior and social stress- weaning, mixing pigs & physical restraint decrease the immune system an increase cortisol
nutrition- especially deficiencies (Vitamin E/ Selenium) improves humoral response to a challenge
mycotoxin- contaminated feeds decrease immunity
ammonia- increased production of mucous, cilia become impaired, paralyze immune system function
diseases- viral etc
50
4 basic immune system disorders
immunodeficiencies
hypersensitivity reactions
autoimmune disorders
neoplasia in the immune system
51
immunodeficiencies
most common form is the failure of a newborn to absorb colostrum. lack of passive transfer occurs increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections
-as time increases, absorption of immunoglobulins decreases. after 36 hours, treatment involves IV serum
52
primary immunodeficiencies
difficult to treat
only treat through IV colostrum
53
secondary immunodeficiencies
more common, external factors such as vita deficiency, viral infection, or pregnancy decreases the function of the immune system
-treatable if disease not there to suppress the immune system
54
hypersensitivity reactions
excessive or inappropriate response to an antigen creates this condition
ex: inhalant/ drug allergy, polyarthritis, insect bite
55
hypersensitivity reactions treatment
remove causative agent, alleviate symptoms with immunosuppressive drug
56
autoimmune disorder
specific immunologic reactivity against self tissue antigens not seen often in food animals
-doesn't recognize own antigens and attacks
could be from short lifetime, hard to diagnose
57
neoplasia in the immune system
malignant transformation occurs at all stages of cell maturation
-most transformed cells function abnormally
-food animals develop leukemias and sarcomas
58
why tumor cells cause immunosuppresion
-produce factors that decrease proliferation and differentiation of cells
- release substances that cause a negative feedback, turning off reactive cells
-crowd out normal cells by replacing them in bone marrow
59
why vaccinate livestock
protect breeding stock from disease
protect offspring from disease
establish basal immunity for post maternal protection
60
basal immunity
should be established prior to transportation, if can't be done vaccinate asap to produce rapid onset of protection
-outbreaks could still occur before vaccination immunity established
61
vaccines and vaccine programs
play an important role in decreasing economic losses resulting from infectious diseases
put animals in healthiest position we can
62
basic principles of immunoprophylaxis
-immunization practiced to prevent disease
-vaccines induce immunity against specific agents
-different types of vaccines do not all produce the same degree or duration of protection because of antigens contained and type of immunity they evoke
-immunosuppressed animals cannot be expected to receive the full benefit of vaccination
a) disease
b) severe parasitism
c) extreme physiologic stress
-all vaccines contain biologic ingredients that can be rendered nonimmunogenic by careless/ improper storage, handling, mixing or administration
63
goal of herd health program
maintain and improve a profit margin
good record analysis of records are essential
64
production goals
12 month calving interval
95% weaned calf crop
60 day calving season
weaning weights=40% of the mothers normal weight
preweaning death loss <2%
postweaning death loss <1%
annual cow death loss <0.5%
ongoing reduction of losses from disease
65
12 month calving interval
half calf every year at same time
66
95% weaned calf crop
low calf loss
67
60 day calving season
60 days between first and last calving
68
preweaning death loss <2%
not during birth, time from standing to wean
69
selection of bulls
1:25 bull to cow ratio
introduce only virgin bulls
don't buy problems (see, eat, walk, mount)
testicles: measure size and check for inflammation/ lesions
should pass breeding soundness exam
conformation, pedigree, and price
70
BSE
breeding soundness exam
P.E, internal exam, semen collection and evaluation
71
female replacement program
reproductive efficiency (breed and conceive easily)
disease resistance
feed conversion efficiency
records of cows performance is important
identification of cow and calf
daily surveillance is necessary
width of pin bones related to pelvic diameter
conformation related to longevity of herf
72
immunization program
BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV, pasturella, haemophilus, brucellosis, lepto and clostridium, internal and external parasites
73
BVD
bovine viral diarrhea
74
IBR
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
75
PI3
parainfluenza virus
76
BRSV
bovine respiratory syncitial virus
77
brucellosis vaccine
live vaccine
zoonotic disease
only for heifer
78
leptospirosis
causes flu like symptoms
-spread through urine
-zoonotic
