Quiz 1 Flashcards
anatomy
“to cut apart”- how do things work- structure
physiology
“study of nature”- what does it do- function
look at anatomy on many levels
level of detail
organism of focus
area of interest
what is the anatomical reference position?
body and feet facing forwards
palms out, facing forward
inferior/superior
lower/higher
anterior/posterior
front/back
ventral/dorsal
front/back
medial/lateral
toward midline/away from midline
proximal/distal
toward nearest attachment point/away from nearest attachment point
coronal plane
front vs back
transverse plane
top vs bottom
sagittal plane
left vs right
homeostasis
tendency of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite change of outside condition
enables body to survive in diverse conditions
homeostatic control system
mechanisms that monitor internal environment and correct as needed
cellular level of homeostatic control
“local control”
isolated change
organ/whole organism level of homeostatic control
“reflex control”
long-distance signaling
Three major components for integration:
input
controller/integrating center
output
functions of integrator
maintains a set point within a normal range
look for error signals (changes) in input
responds to correct the error by controlling target effector (turns on/off)
Response loop
stimulus: change in internal environment
sensor: receptor
input: afferent neuron
controller: integrating center
output: hormone/neuron
target effector: muscle/gland
response: change corrected
set points can be modified- Example
fever
increases set point for core body temp
integrator= hypothalamus
Glucose homeostasis- two hormones
- insulin-brings glucose into liver cells, lowers glucose in blood
- glucagon- removes glucose from liver cells, raises glucose in blood
high blood sugar stimulates for…
insulin
low blood sugar stimulates for…
glucagon
what is the integrator of glucose homeostasis?
pancreas
