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PNB 2774 > Quiz 8- ANS > Flashcards

Quiz 8- ANS Flashcards

1
Q

ANS is not ____ but ____

A

automatic
involuntary

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

control at an unconscious level
reflexes are fast and specific
innervation of smooth muscle, not striated
cell bodies originate in the brainstem or cord

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3
Q

ANS control points

A

hypothalamus- water balance, temp control, hunger
pons- respiration and cardiovascular control
medulla- respiration and cardiovascular control

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4
Q

Divisions are distinguished by…

A

structural anatomy, neurotransmitters, and functionality
- parasympathetic
-sympathetic
-enteric

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5
Q

Division characteristics

A

all divisions control internal homeostasis by reflexes
almost all are negative feedback loops
limiting changes in physiological factors
all respond to external/internal stimuli

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6
Q

tracts are components of…

A

cranial and spinal cord nerves

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7
Q

SNS

A

solely excitatory
conscious
3 cells: motor cortex Betz cells- spinal cord interneurons- a-motor neurons
a-motor neurons are myelinated and use ACh as NT

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8
Q

ANS

A

excitatory or inhibitory
2 cells: cells arise within cord and project out to syapses on neurons either near cord or further away
ganglia= 2nd cell body outside of cord
pre- and post-ganglionic cells
post ganglionic cells innervate targets

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9
Q

Types of branches

A

sympathetic- built into cord
parasympathetic- built into brain stem and cord

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10
Q

characterization of branches

A

anatomical origin of pre-ganglionic cell body
anatomical location of synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic cell
NTs used at synapses
length of pre- and post-ganglionic cell axon

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11
Q

Origin of first cell consequences

A

varied influence from regions of cord and brain

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12
Q

ganglia position consequences

A

no real functional impact, anatomically important

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13
Q

axonal length consequences

A

no real functional impact, unless a slight change in speed of response

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14
Q

different NT consequence

A

enormous clinical impact

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15
Q

Signal of ANS

A

pre ganglionic neuron -(ACh/NT)- post ganglionic neuron-(NT)- target operator/effector

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16
Q

Signal termination

A

pre-ganglionic to ganglionic neuron
ganglia to target

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17
Q

pre ganglionic to ganglionic neuron termination

A

Acetylcholinerastes degradation of ACh
targets of nerve gases and insect sprays

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18
Q

ganglia to target termination

A

active reuptake, enzyme degradation
monoamine oxidase

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19
Q

Parasympathetic properties

A

energy conservation
bradycardia
hypotension
increase digestion and absorption
SLUD

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20
Q

SLUD

A

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation

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21
Q

sympathetic properties

A

flee or flight against danger
tachycardia
hypertension
salivation (shared)
perspiration

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22
Q

ANS is structured as a classic reflex arc…

A

response can occur without cortical influence
fast and innate

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23
Q

Sympathetic Branch

A

1st cell body is found in spinal cord lateral horn
pre-ganglionic cells project via spinal nerve ventral roots to sympathetic chain ganglia along either side of cord
some pre-ganglionic fibers innervate ganglia near target tissues
- splanchnic nerve and adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A

chain ganglia
collateral ganglia
adrenal medulla

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25
chain ganglia
directly adjacent, both sides of cord, majority of fibers targets: organs and glands of head heart and lungs
26
collateral ganglia
ganglia are in abdominal cavity targets: GI tract, pancreas, liver, renal, colon
27
adrenal medulla
modified chain ganglia 1st neuron passes through chain ganglia w/o synapsing synpases directly on post ganglionic cells w/ adrenal medulla
28
significance of adrenal medulla
meant to affect a large number of cells at the same time
29
Chromaffin cells
(adrenal medulla) stained with chromium dye post ganglionic neurons w/o axons
30
Parasympathetic branch
neurons arise either in the brain stem via cranial nerves III,VII,IX,X or from regions S2-S4 of the cord pre ganglionic axonal fibers are long and terminate on post ganglionic cells near targets
31
Tissue innervation
usually both branches innervate the same target tissue with almost always an opposite effect maximizes fine level of control (sometimes they compete with one another)
32
in what case does only one branch innervate a target tissue
sweat and adrenal
33
Neurochemistry
in cases where both branches innervate the same tissue NT released must be different
34
Parasympathetic NT release
ACh
35
Sympathetic NT release
norepinephrine epinephrine
36
Cholinergic pathways
ACh synapses are cholinergic two subclasses: muscarinic or nicotinic- can be agonistic or antagonistic
37
agonistic
chemicals that bind to a receptor and activate a biochemical process
38
antagonistic
chemicals that bind to the same receptor and inhibit a biochemical process
39
Nicotinic Receptors structure
assembly of 5 subunits ligand-gated ion channel found predominantly within CNS
40
Nicotinic Receptor significance
all versions of the receptor bind ACh with different affinities differential tissue expression all have different agonists and antagonists
41
Muscarinic receptors
muscarine= mushroom chemical receptors= GPCRs, different structure than nicotinic, different agonist and antagonist expressed in NMJs, ganglia, CNS
42
Adrenergic Receptors
differential binding of epinephrine VS norepinephrine common clinically used agonists: phenylephrine, midodrine theraputic uses: treatment of anaphalactic shock etc.
43
Adrenergic subtypes
a-adrenergic B-adrenergic
44
types of a-adrenergic
a1- smooth muscle contraction a2- inhibition of secretion
45
types of B-adrenergic
B1- increased heart rate, heart contractility B2- smooth muscle relaxation B3- lipolysis (fat)
46
norepinephrine stimulates
all a-adrenergic and B1
47
epinephrine stimulates
a-adrenergic and B-adrenergic
48
ANS reflexes
rapid focused pathways to detect perturbation in physiological pathways and drive them back toward normality
49
ANS reflexes examples
baroreceptors pupil dilation visual accommodation micturition heart rate blood vessel diameter
50
Baroreceptor reflex
Aortic arch sinus- narrowing of blood vessel wall when sitting blood pools and rapid standing changes gravity drop in BP sensed by baroreceptors adrenergic influences drive blood vessel contraction+ increase heart contraction, drive BP to normal
51
Pupil dilation
balance between contraction of dilator and sphincter low light- pupil dilation via adrenic inputs bright light- pupil constriction via muscarinic inputs
52
lense accommodation
change in lense shape to focus objects as they near the eyes far vision- pupil dilation reflex is affected by age
53
micturition reflex
as bladder fills, contraction of detrussor muscle, 2 sphincters (one involuntary, one voluntary) after empty: inhibition of detrussor muscle and contraction of internal sphincter above 500 mL=impossible to ignore- micturition
54
Why is micturition an unusual ANS reflex?
conscious control of external sphincter
55
Fight or Flight
response to physical, emotional, chemical and other types of potentially damaging stimuli whole body response meant to minimize stress-mediated damage response via sympathetic inputs
56
Parasympathetic tone
bradycardia hypotension increased GI activity pupil constriction constriction of lung branches hypoglycemia increased urine production not organized for mass discharge
57
hypoglycemia
increased insulin release
58
Body functional Balance
dual innervation= generally antagonistic
59
pathophysiology
ANS deficit baroreflex failure hypoventilation Holmes Adie Syndrome Orthostatic hypertension
60
baroreflex failure
severe hypertension and tachycardia in response to exercise
61
hypoventilation
sleep buildup of CO2
62
Holmes Adie syndrome
one eye doesn't respond to light properly
63
orthostatic hypertension
hypertension on quickly standing up

PNB 2774 (17 decks)

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