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PNB 2774 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Structure

A

cellularity
polarity
attachment
avascular
regeneration

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2
Q

cellularity

A

composed of cells in layers, connected by intercellular junctions
little ECM

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3
Q

polarity

A

apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces

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4
Q

attachment

A

to basal membrane- acellular surface produced by epithelia and connective cells
basal lamina- epithelial secretions
reticular lamina- connective secretions

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5
Q

avascular

A

no blood vessels

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6
Q

regeneration

A

cells readily divide mitotically and replace old cells

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7
Q

Epithelial function

A

physical protection
selective permeability (exchange and transport)
movement/clearing
secretion
sensation

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8
Q

Physical protection

A

from abrasion, dehydration, physical/chemical/biological agents
skin composed of five layers, cells held together by desmosomes

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9
Q

selective permeability

A

regulates passage of certain molecules in and out of body regions
exchange- passive flow
transport- active/facilitated flow

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10
Q

exchange epithelia

A

leaky exchange epithelia
allows movement through gaps between cells

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11
Q

transport epithelia

A

tight junctions prevent movement between adjacent cells
must pass through the epithelial cell (carriers and pumps involved)

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12
Q

clearing/movement

A

pushing material along the surface
cilia beat to move things out
microvilli increase surface area

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13
Q

sensory

A

receptors connected to nerve endings can detect light, chemical and mechanical stimuli and cold/heat

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14
Q

secretion

A

goblet cells
formation: epithelia folds in on itself, connecting cells then form a duct or connecting cells disappear for ductless

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15
Q

exocrine

A

duct
secrete to the exterior

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16
Q

endocrine

A

ductless
secrete to the body’s interior directly into blood stream or interstitial fluid

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17
Q

merocrine

A

secrete products by vesicular exocytosis
often continuous
ex. sweat and saliva

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18
Q

apocrine

A

secrete by partial cellular breakdown (fragmentation)
cytoplasm and vesicular contents
ex. milk and underarm sweat

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19
Q

holocrine

A

entire cell lost during secretion
stem cells divide to replace
ex. sebaceous glands

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20
Q

tight junctions

A

“gatekeeper”
prevent movement between adjacent cells
encircle cell near the apical surface- membrane protein is bound to plasma mem. of cell

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21
Q

adhering junctions

A

actin-filament based systems
encircle cell immediately adjacent to its neighbors, deep to tight juncts.
cadherins= cellular adhesion molecules

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22
Q

desmosomes

A

“snaps on a jacket”
tie cells together and do not encircle cell
allow bending and twisting and provide resistance to stress
supported by intermediate filaments

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23
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

tie cell to basal membrane

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24
Q

gap junctions

A

protein channels; allow rapid communication between cells
pore is made up of two hemi-channel connexon
connexons made up of a hexamer of connexin

25
Classifying Epithelia
SHAPE - squamous=flat - cuboidal=square -columnar=elongated NUMBER OF LAYERS - simple=one layer - stratified=many layers
26
Skeletal Structure
hard, elastic, tough connective tissue; internal endo-skeleton; scaffolding articulated into many individual bones protrusions have attachment sites dense bone exterior, relatively open interior
27
Skeletal Function
support and protection of body and internal organs connections to muscles, tendons, and ligaments (dynamic movement) calcium/phosphate homeostasis and storage blood cell production (stem cells in marrow)
28
Specialized cells of bone
osteoblasts= bone matrix deposition osteocytes= bone matrix maintenance osteoclasts= bone breakdown
29
specific matrix proteins of bone
collagen flexible and tough, and the most abundant
30
ground substance of bone
hydroxyapatite
31
Two types of bone
cortical (compact) bone cancellous (spongy) bone
32
Cortical bone
outside dense "solid" outer layer external layers of both long bone and flat bone
33
Cancellous bone
inside + porous open interior with lattice made up of narrow plates of bone called trabeculae
34
Osteon
"Haversion Canals" functional unit of bone cylinder of hollow tubes of bone matrix with a central canal carrying blood vessels and nerves
35
epiphysis
knobby region at each end of bone provides strength and an attachment site
36
metaphysis
region between epiphysis and diaphysis site of growth plate
37
diaphysis
elongated, cylindrical shaft of the bone
38
articular cartilage
located on epiphysis prevents friction
39
periosteum
membrane of tough, dense, irregular connective tissue covering the external bone surface
40
endosteum
membrane of connective tissue covering the internal bone surface
41
medullary cavity
yellow marrow inside of bone
42
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
43
What is stored in yellow marrow of the long bone?
fat
44
what is stored in red marrow of flat bone?
red and white blood cells platelets
45
stress
force over area pressure load
46
strain
deformation in height measured as %
47
Young's modulus
slope stress over strain
48
apply _____ and measure ____
stress strain
49
stiff VS flexible
steep slope=stiff shallow slope=flexibile
50
high VS low toughness
large area under curve=tough
51
brittle VS ductile
short plastic region=brittle long plastic region=ductile
52
strong VS weak
high yield point=strong low yield point=weak
53
hysteresis
historical dependence of behavior
54
anisotropy
directional dependence of behavior exhibits different properties based on direction of loading
55
viscoelastic
materials show time-dependent strain properties vary with speed and loading, appearing as different affects on stress rate in the curve
56
with low rates of stress bone is...
tough
57
with high rates of stress bone is...
strong
58
fracture patters reflect....
anisotropy

PNB 2774 (17 decks)

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