QUIZ 7- Circuitry

Question 1

Common types of neuronal circuits

Answer 1

simple
complex
divergent
convergent
rhythm
parallel after discharge

Question 2

simple

Answer 2

two axons signaling in one direction

Question 3

complex

Answer 3

two axons signaling in a circuit
unpredictable
whole is greater than sum of parts

Question 4

convergent

Answer 4

many axon synapses on one target neuron
Ex one visual neuron receives info from 1000 other cells

Question 5

divergent

Answer 5

one axon projects to many other cells

Question 6

rhythm generating

Answer 6

central pattern generators
minimum of two cells
create complex movement

Question 7

Circuit formation

Answer 7

axon is guided to right target during critical period of fetal development
state function

Question 8

state function

Answer 8

under particular conditions will something occur
right connection can only be made under right conditions
repair of spinal chord is limited by this

Question 9

Axon guidance

Answer 9

growth cone
chemotaxis

Question 10

growth cone-Filopodia

Answer 10

membrane projection that orientates toward appropriate chemical cue

Question 11

chemotaxis

Answer 11

“train of breadcrumbs”
proteins and chemicals

Question 12

Circuit Physiology- neuronal circuits

Answer 12

developed during fetal and neonatal growth
maintained by use
plasticity
wiring dictates function
complex behaviors are generated by simple circuits

Question 13

Brain operational Design

Answer 13

functionally specialized with hemispheric asymmetries
neurons generate ion fluxes across cell mem in a standard way
hard tasks take up more brain volume/neurons
brain modifies spinal chord activities
brain function is highly plastic

Question 14

Structural Imaging of Brain

Answer 14

magnetic resonance imaging
diffusor tension imaging

Question 15

functional imaging of brain

Answer 15

functional MRI
electroencephalography

Question 16

sMRI

Answer 16

translates local differences in water content to outline shape
examines shape NOT function
injuries, stroke, tumor

Question 17

Diffusor tension imaging

Answer 17

detection of how water travels along axonal projections in brain
info about neuron interconnectivity

Question 18

Functional MRI

Answer 18

measures small changes in blood flow associated with different brain activities

Question 19

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 19

measures brain electrical activity with scalp electrodes
epilepsy, sleep disorders

Question 20

Phineas Gage

Answer 20

iron rode through frontal lobe
caused:
personality change
loss of self-restraint
alteration in reason and ability to understand instruction
change in socialization

Question 21

Human brain mapping

Answer 21

longitudinal fissures divides left and right
lateral fissures divides top and bottom

Question 22

Anatomical brain regions

Answer 22

cerebrum
brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon

Question 23

Cerebrum

Answer 23

largest in term of volume
cerebral cortex=outer layer
neocortex= largest part of cortex
higher level of processing, cognition

Question 24

brainstem

Answer 24

autonomic and reflex centers

Question 25

cerebellum

Answer 25

"little brain" movement and coordination

Question 26

Diencephalon

Answer 26

centers for homeostatic control fo a wide range of physiologies

Question 27

Cerebral Cortex Physiology

Answer 27

contralateral control frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

Question 28

frontal lobe

Answer 28

motor speech memory formation personality emotion

Question 29

parietal lobe

Answer 29

sensory and integration collection of info from multiple proprioception management of taste, sight, touch, and smell somatosensory cortex

Question 30

occipital lobe

Answer 30

visual processing visual memories visual association area

Question 31

temporal lobe

Answer 31

hearing, speech, language, smell organization and language comprehension memory formation and retrieval Wernickes Area- speech comprehension

Question 32

3 parts of frontal cortex

Answer 32

prefrontal motor brocas area

Question 33

Primary motor cortex

Answer 33

functional-volume of area is indictive and anatomical stratification- neurons controlling ring finger near neurons of middle and little finger

Question 34

homunculus

Answer 34

representation of motorneurons controlling muscles in different regions of body

Question 35

Betz cells

Answer 35

striated muscle control of neurons

Question 36

Sensory Cortex

Answer 36

sensory input- thermal, touch, proprioception, pain inputs from the contralateral chord and thalamus integration- sensory and motor signals for skilled movement

Question 37

wernickes area

Answer 37

speech comprehension

Question 38

Wernickes aphasia

Answer 38

inability to understand words and communicate

Question 39

Brocas area

Answer 39

vital role in generation of articulate speech

Question 40

Primary Language area

Answer 40

Broca's Wernicke's angular gyrus arcuate fasciculus

Question 41

angular gyrus

Answer 41

superior edge of temporal lobe

Question 42

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 42

axonal tracts that connect Brocas and Wernickes allows for coordinated and comprehensible speech

Question 43

aphasia

Answer 43

inability to comprehend or formulate language

Question 44

visual association area

Answer 44

interprets information acquires through primary visual cortex

Question 45

cerebral dominance

Answer 45

left- language, math reasoning, logical reasoning right- spatial abilities, face recognition, visual imagery, music

Question 46

mechanism of Brain lateralization

Answer 46

minute temporal delays in other hemisphere neuronal cells

Question 47

key trait of CNS

Answer 47

interconnections made by neurons

Question 48

white matter

Answer 48

myelin coated axonal projections

Question 49

projection

Answer 49

connections between subcortical regions, telencephalon, and diencephelon